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GHG2023
9
月
8
日，欧盟委员会（
European Commission
）发布题为
《
2023
年世界各国温室气体排放》
（
GHG Emissions of All World Countries 2023
）报告，根据全球大气研究排放数据库（
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, EDGAR
）最新数据，重点分析了世界各国的温室气体排放现状。
主要包括以下
3
方面内容：
（
1
）
2022
年全球温室气体排放量达到历史最高水平，为
53.8 GtCO
2
eq
（
10
亿吨二氧化碳当量）。与
2021
年相比，
2022
年全球温室气体排放量增加了
1.4%
，即
730 MtCO
2
eq
（百万吨二氧化碳当量）。这一上升趋势预示着后疫情时代再现温室气体排放的反弹趋势。实际上，
2022
年全球温室气体排放量比
2020
年增加了
6.2%
，比
2019
年增加了
2.3%
。
（
2
）分析主要国家
1990—2022
年温室气体排放量变化趋势发现，欧盟、俄罗斯和美国呈现出不同程度的下降趋势，中国和印度呈现出不同程度的上升趋势。与
1990
年相比，
2022
年欧盟的温室气体排放量下降趋势最显著，降低了
27%
，其温室气体排放与经济增长脱钩；同期，俄罗斯和美国的温室气体排放量分别下降了
15.5%
和
2.4%
。而中国和印度等新兴经济体的温室气体排放量大幅增加，中国和印度分别增加了
2.85
倍和
1.70
倍。事实上，即使在温室气体排放量最高的新兴经济体中，新兴国家也必须达到峰值，使其与经济增长脱钩，继而才能实现其气候中立承诺。
（
3
）全球范围内，如果不包括野火相关的温室气体排放，自
2000
年以来，土地利用、土地利用变化和林业（
LULUCF
）一直是相对稳定的净二氧化碳汇（简称净汇，
net sink
）。
2022
年，全球净汇约为
0.18 GtCO
2
eq
（或
1.35
GtCO
2
（
10
亿吨二氧化碳），不包括野火），相当于该年全球温室气体排放量的
0.33%
。同时，
2022
年，全球森林砍伐造成的净二氧化碳排放约为
4.0
GtCO
2
，相当于人为二氧化碳（或温室气体）排放总量的
10.4%
（或
7.5%
）。在欧盟
27
国（
EU27
）中，
2022
年的
LULUCF
净汇约为
0.21GtCO
2
eq
（或
0.22 GtCO
2
eq
，不包括野火），比
1990
年减少了约
40%
。
转载本文请注明来源及作者：
中国科学院兰州
文献情报中心《气候变化科学动态监测快报》
2023年19
期，刘莉娜
编译.
GHG emissions of all world countries
2023 report
Introduction
Since the beginning of 21st century and until 2019, global Greenhous gas (GHG) emissions had followed an increasing trend mainly due to the increase in emissions from China and the other emerging economies. As a result, the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases substantially increased enhancing the natural greenhouse effect, which may negatively affect the life on the Earth.
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, global emissions decreased by 3.7% in 2020 compared to 2019 levels, interrupting a more than ten-year continuously increasing trend. Nevertheless, global GHG emissions restarted to grow just after the peak of the pandemic, reaching in 2022 the level of 53.8 Gt CO2eq , which is 2.3% higher than 2019 and 1.4% higher than 2021.
In the framework of UNFCCC, countries are developing national emissions inventories and propose/implement actions to mitigate GHG emissions. CO2 emissions, which are the main contributors to global GHG emissions are still increasing at world level despite climate change mitigation agreements. In this context, EDGAR provides an independent estimate of greenhouse gases for each world country, based on a robust and consistent methodology stemming from the latest IPCC guidelines and most recent activity data. Following the latest update released in September 2023, GHG emission data are now available for all IPCC sectors for each country for the time period 1970-2022.
China, the United States, India, the EU27, Russia and Brazil were the six world largest GHG emitters in 2022. Together they account for 50.1% of global population, 61.2% of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 63.4% of global fossil fuel consumption and 61.6% of global GHG emissions. Among these top emitters, in 2022 China, the United States and India increased their emissions compared to 2021, with India having the largest increase in relative terms (5%). On the contrary, the other three top emitters decreased their emissions in 2022, with Russia showing the largest decrease (-2.4%).
Global GHG emissions per capita have slightly increased in 2022 (0.4%) bringing to 8.3% its overall increase between 1990 and 2022 (from 6.24 t CO2eq/cap to 6.76 t CO2eq/cap). Global emissions intensity per GDP PPP in 2022 reached its 52-year minimum value of 0.386 tCO2eq/k USD, 2% lower than in 2021.
Even in 2022, global GHG emissions primarily consisted of CO2, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels (71.6%). CH4 contributed 21% to the total, while the remaining share of emissions comprised N2O (4.8%) and F-gases (2.6%).
As far EU27 is concerned, its GHG emissions amounted in 2022 to 3.59 Gt CO2eq, 0.8% lower than in 2021. It is noteworthy that despite their 2021 rebound, EU27’s emissions remained below the pre-COVID-19 levels, continuing their decades-long decreasing trend. Indeed, EU27 GHG emissions were 27.0% lower than in 1990, and represented 6.7% of global emissions also showing a sharp decrease from 14.8% in 1990.
In 2022, several EU27 countries experienced a decrease in their emission levels compared to the previous year, with the largest relative drops observed in Luxembourg (-11.1%), Belgium (-6.4%), Lithuania (-6.3%), Estonia (-6.3%), and the Netherlands (-6.1%). On the other hand, the largest increase in 2022 was observed in Bulgaria (+8.0%), followed by Spain (+7.4%), Portugal (+3.7%), Greece (+3.4%), Ireland (+2.2%), and Malta (+2.0%). In terms of contribution to the EU27’s GHG emissions in 2022, Germany remained the largest emitter (21.9%), followed by France (12.0%), Poland (11.2%), Italy (11.0%), and Spain (9.2%).
In the EU27, except for the transport and power industries, all other sectors experienced a decrease in their GHG emissions in 2022. The largest relative drop was observed in the buildings sector, in which emissions decreased by 6.5%. The industrial combustion and processes showed the second-highest decrease, falling by 4.3% below the 2021 levels. Emissions in the transport sector increased by 4.0%, while in the power sector the increase was 1.9%.
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