Large-scale synthesis of hollow titania spheres via flame combustion

A one-step method for continuous large-scale synthesis of well-defined hollow titania spheres was established by feeding titanium tetrachloride mixed with ethanol vapor to a facile diffusion flame.A mixture of TiCl4 and C2H5OH vapor was transported at 100 m/s into a flame reactor and condensed into mesoscale droplets due to Joule-Thomson cooling and the entrainment of cool gases into the expanding high-speed jet.Hollow crystalline TiO2 spheres with good thermal stability were formed after the hydrolysis of TiCl4 in the H2/air flame at about 1500 C.Structural characterization indicates that the hollow spheres,with uniform diameter of 300 nm and shell thickness of 35 nm,consist of 20-30 nm TiO2 nanocrystallites.A formation mechanism of the hollow spheres was proposed,involving the competition between chemical reaction and diffusion during the flame process.The present study provides a new pathway for continuous and large-scale engineering of hollow nanomaterials.