Greenhouse gas emission reduction in public buildings according to greenhouse gas reduction policies

Vol. 11 No. 1March 2012Joumal of Chongqing University(English Edition )[ISSN 1671-82241Article ID:1671-8224(201201~003608Todte this artid: KIM Hyo-yurg. YEO Myung-kil, JEON Gyu-yecb, HONG Won-hwa, KIM Kwan-woo Greenhouse gas emission reduction in public buildings accordingto greenhouse gas reducion policies in Daegu(]. J Chongqing Univ Eng Ed [sSN 1671-82241. 2012, 11 (1): 36-43.Greenhouse gas emission reduction in public buildings according togreenhouse gas reduction policies in daeguKIM Hyo-kyung1.t, YEO Myung-kil1, JEON Gyu-yeob 2, HONG Won-hwa', KIM Kwang-woo 3School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea2Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of KoreaSeoul National University, Seoul 158-867, Republic of KoreaReceived 23 November 2011: received in revised fom 17 December 2011Abstract: The issues related to climate change such as depletion of energy resources and continuous high oil prices, globalwarming, and development of clean energy are adopted and discussed as a national agenda internationally. To cope with thesedomestic and foreign energy and environmental problems actively, govemment must prepare prudently in methodologygreenhouse gas reduction. Especially, as energy consumption of buildings accounts for 26% of national consumption, plans toreduce energy consumption of buildings are needed. Each region has a unique nature of energy consumption or consumptionpatterns, thus an appropriate policy or goal to reduce greenhouse gas(gHG)should be selected. For this, effects on the currentpolicies for GHG as well as nature of energy consumption of buildings should be analyzed. We analyzed quantitatively theffectiveness of policies to reduce GHG emission in public buildingsKeywords: Daegu; public buildings; greenhouse gas emission; reduction policiesCLC number: X24Document code: AIntroductionand environmental problems actively, we shouldbecome a low carbon countThe issues related to climate change such asEspecially, as energy consumption of buildingsdepletion of energy resources and continuous high oil accounts for 26%of national consumption, plans toenergy are adopted and discussed as a national agenda other words, reducing energy consumption lead.Bprices, global warming, and development of clean reduce energy consumption of buildings are needed.internationally. According to greenhouse gas (GHG) GHG reduction, Each region has a unique natureemission in the world announced by Intermational energy consumption or consumption patterns, thus anEnergy Agency(IEA), South Korea was ranked 9th inappropriate policy or goal to reduce GHG should beGHG emission in the world and 1st in rate of increase selected. For this, effects on the current policies forin GHG emission (2004), thus South Korea will be GHG as well as nature of energy consumption oflikely to be an Annex I country during the second buildings should be analyzed. Whether effectivecommitment (from 2013 to 2017) in post-Kyoto policies against the cost are in force should beprotocol. To cope with these home and abroad energy investigated. Furthermore, whether both policy makingpeople and populace can participate in and perform thepolicies should be verified. JfkiMHyo-kyung:princess2806@naver.comDaegu exerts efforts to be an only solar city in'Correspondingauthor.YEOMyungkil:kiling4kil@naver.com.South Korea, and implements the related programs. InFunded by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)ofterms of architecture, the scope of target for thethe Korea Govemment(MEST)(No. 2011-0029867)programs is expanded, starting from public institutes中国煤化工CNMHGH. K. Kim et alGreenhouse gas emission reductioEffective analysis on whether the current programs efficiency of main social overhead capitals(Soc)reduce GHG emission effectively against the cost isstrengthening legal and institutional foothold"andneeded""boosting publicity to the nation and participatioThe study analyzes quantitatively which policy is proposedeffective to reduce GHG emission in public buildings"Supporting distributive polIt aims to investigate and analyze GHG emission banking/finance and expanding R&D investment"isprogram carried out in Daegu. Domestic and foreignlargely divided into public and private sectors, andpolicies for GHG are examined and compared with the has short-and long-term policies. In public sector,current status of GHG reduction programs in Daegusupport system of the govermment's budget such asreduction level of GHG Climate Change Fund is reinforced toemission based on GHG inventory of public institutes support financial source for climate change responsein Daegu and promotion and application of theand in private sector, financial/tax incentives areinstitutes'effects on GHG reduction programs in arranged in various ways to induce private investmentDaegu are verified. 2on low carbon green growth and technicaldevelopment.2 Program and current status of GHG reductionIn policies for"adjusting gradually price structureto promote low carbon consumption and production2.1 Definition of'pattems", low-carbon-friendly tax reforms are carriedout, climate-friendly function is strengthened in theGHG is defined as a gas which, among various current tax system, introduction of "carbon tax"isgases in the atmosphere, causes so-called greenhouse reviewed, and tax benefits for investment on GHGeffect that absorbs radiation heat emitted into the reduction facility are expanded.atmosphere and increases the Earths temperature."Improving carbon intensity and eco-efficiencyGHG is divided into direct GHG which is directly of main SOC"are divided into traffic and buildinginvolved in greenhouse effect and indirect GHGsectors. In traffic sector, there is a program forwhich can be converted into ghg by reactingth reducing traffic congestion cost and improvingother substances. The first kind includes COz, sustainability". In building section, design basis formethane ( CHA), nitrous oxide (N2O),building is tightened and energy-saving building ishydrofluorocarbon(HFCs), perfluorocarbon (PFCs),developed and disseminated to improve energy-savingsulphur hexafluoride (SF), chlorofluorocarbon capacity and eco-friendly architecture(CFCs), and H2O, and the second kind includes NOFor strengthening legal and institutionalcO,SO,, and nonmethane volatile organic foothold", management system for GHG emission iscompounds(NMVOC). Among the eight direct GHGs prepared to build national statistical systemmentioned above CFCs had already been regulated(Inventory) corresponding with internationalby Montreal Protocol and H20 is circulated in nature. standards. Furthermore, regulation reforThus except for the two substances, CO2, CH4, N2Oconducted to rationalized distribution of newHFCs PFCs, and SF6 were included in reducing and renewable energymanaging target GHG. 31Policies for"boosting publicity to the nation andparticipation" strengthen public relations.for2.2 Current status of domestic GHG reduction rein forcing responsibilities of consumer and improveprogramstraining for climate change response. I,4The policies for domestic GHG reduction suggest,2.3 Current status of GHG reduction programs inas vision, "joining efforts of global climate changeresponse and realizing low carbon society throughgreen growth". For detailed policies, supportingAs Das designatelar city bydistributive policies of banking/ finance and expanding Intemational Energy Agency(IEA)and IntemationalR&D investment","adjusting gradually price structure Solar Energy Society(ISES), it carried out a plan toto promote low carbon consumption and production reduce GHG through new renewable energy andpatterns","improving carbon intensity and eco-held a gencral meeting for 19 representatives of solar中国煤化工CNMHGJ Chongqing Univ. Eng. Ed [ISSN 1671-8H K. Kim, et al.Greenhouse gas emission reductioncity in the world in 2004. The 8th Annual Green programs of green living and CDM consist ofFurthermore, the 2013 World Energy Council will beTo become a solar city, Deagu sets a target forGHG reduction by 2020. The target is to reduce GHGby 5% by 2020 compared to 2005. Fig, I shows thebusiness as usual (BAu) by 2020 and GHG emission tobe reduced in 2020 if policies for GHG reductionwhich Daegu and the central government push forward =17nd plan are implemented.Daegu carries out plans for GHG reduction,,、agriculture/livestock and land use, waste, green livingand CDM, and climate change adaptation (Table 1).▲BAUGHG reduction programs applicable to building-Reduced GHGare divided into public and private sectors(Table 2).The programs applicable to the public sectorR目§(Table 3)are as follows: the detailed programs offossil fuel of building as a main issue, and the detailed ( GHG) in terms of the amount of emitted Co, by 2o se gasenergy deal with introduction of device to reduceFig 1 Business as usual (BAu) and reduced greenhutTable 1 Greenhouse gas(GHG)reduction programs in DaeguDetailed programsIntroduction of group energy, introduction of high efficiency equipment, introduction of Passive House,introduction of green house rating system, replacement of LED in public sector, vitalization of publicasportation, greendissemination of fuel cell to multipurpose building. introduction of hydrological generation, dissemination ofgeothermal cooling and heating to public buildings, obligation of installation of New Renewable Energy inpublic sector, local deployment project, etcAgriculture Green Daegu project, creating green space in downtown and tree-planting on rooftop project, green eco-part ofLivestock citys waterfront, tree-planting on coating of concrete panel, creation of eco-park around the site of unused lineand land use of downtown rail, construction project of City Farm, dissemination project of eco friendly LED, etc.Expansion of separate discharge and collection of daily waste, expansion of infrastructure of public recyclingfor waste, energy project with collection of sewage water, construction of recycling system using rainwater indowntown,reuse project of treatment water for sewage/wastewater, etc.Green living Operation of carbon point program, vitalization of eco driving, vitalization of green action in office,and CDM development and monitoring green living indicator, establishment of apprehensive management system forlocal GHG, establishment of local energy cente planning tourist resources of local energy facilities, greenschool/campus, vitalization of emission trading of public buildings, support of mid- and small-sized businessto cope with framework convention on climate change, etc.ClimateConstruction of surveillance and management of climate change, development of comprehensive estimationchangemodel for climate/atmospheric environment, drawing up climate change vulnerability map in Daegu,daptation construction of large water supply in Daegu-Gyeongbuk area, establishment/operation CCA forum in Daegurongbuk area, etc中国煤化工JChongqing Univ. Eng. Ed [ISSN 1671-8HCNMHGH. K. Kim, et alGreenemission reductionTable 2 Classified programs in public and private sectorsDetailed programsublic Replacement of LED in public sector, introduction of high efficiency equipment, construction of solar canopy,sector dissemination of geothermal cooling and heating to public buildings, obligation of installation of New-RenewableEnergy in public sector, local deployment project, vitalization of green action in office, establishment ofapprehensive management system for local GHG, and vitalization of emission trading of public buildingsPrivate Introduction of group encrgy, introduction of Passive House, introduction of green house rating system, greenhome supply and construction of green village, dissemination of fuel cell to multipurpose building, operation ofcarbon point program, and green school campTable 3 Reduction programs related to public sectorProgramDetailsReplacement of Expanding dissemination of LED lightingED in public After selecting replacement target according to region, supplying LED lightingsectorPreparing foothold to cultivate LED industryhduction of Under efficiency guarantee system, improving efficicncy of energy utilization by supplyingequISupplying high efficiency equipment to industrial sectors such as lighting. heating,Construction of According to implementation of renewable portfolio standard (RPS), establishing footholdsolar canopypand and supply new& renewable energyInstalling photovoltaic power generation facilitiesDissemination of Govermment-led disseminationgeothermal cooling Balancing between system economic feasibilitics and buildingand heating to Supply local air conditioning and heating system to building aas 3 unitpublic buildings efficiency of energy consumption and GHG reductionObligation of Obligation of installation of New Renewable Energy when newly building expanding andinstallation of New reconstructing large building of public buildingsRenewable Energy Targeting public buildings in new development districtContributing to innovative expanding and supplying new renewable energyLocal deployment Establishing supply system of new renewable energy corresponding nature of regionGeneral project for local economy developmentPart ofproject of goveGreen Vitalization of Part of practice program of green livingliving green action in By introducing/spreading in office, establishing foothold for low carbon society at a smalland CDM officeAdjusting air conditioning and heating timeEstablishment of Needing to establishing apprehensive management system for local GHGapprehensiveImplementing systematic GHG reduction project of local govemanagementnanagement systemsystem for localGHGVitalization of Computing and verifying standard emission, assigning reduction goal and tradable amountemission trading of of quarterpublic buildings Opening market and noticing trading priceEvaluating implementation and incentiveTH中国煤化工CNMHGH. K. Kim, et al.Greenhouse gas emission reduction3 Current status of GHG emission of public and Suseong-gu have the most with 14 places. The rate,institutes in Daeguhowever, is 90.9% of Seo-gu, which is the highest, and72. 2% of dalser3.1 Current status of public institutes in DaeguDaegu builds systems to manage GHGsystematically by measuring monthly uses according toGHG reduced placeseven energies such as oil, gas, electricity, and watersupply, managing carbon dioxide emissions for themand analyzing basic unit and reduction potential toestablish inventory.The target public buildings in Daegu are 212 cityhalls and affiliated organizations, which are included inthe building project of GHG inventory implemented toreduce 10% for the next five years by 2012 based onGHG emission in 2006. The detailed uses are dividedCSC Cultural Water and Fire Health Othersinto six uses (Table 4), and medical facilities ormanagement office is classified as other uses. Deagu Fig. 2 Quantity of GHG(greenhouse gas)reduced facilitiesconsists of eight gus and guns, and Dalseo-most public buildings with 39 points(Table 4). For 45Totauses,community service center(CSC)is the most withGHG reduced place353.2 Current status of GHG of public buildings in EThe 212 target public buildings reduce GHG (in15terms of the amount of emitted CO2) with 6926 t/a,which is 3. 4% of the base years' 203 011 t/a(from 52006 to 2007). Thus the reduced GHG exceed thegoal(2.02%)with 1.38%, and the energy costaccording to GHG reduction is rated as about592x10%KRW (Korea won) cut (DaeguMetropolitan City Hall, 2008). Among the 212 targetFig. 3 GHG (greenhouse gas)reduced places by areapublic buildings, agencies which reduce GHG are 107and falseplaces and the ones which achieve beyond the goal gun have high reduction, their rate achieving beyondthe most with 60 sites in 107 agencies which reducethe goal 2.02% is relatively low. Although Nam-gu andSeo-gu have low reduction, however, their rate isGHG,and the most successful organization compared relatively high. The reason why reduction amount andto all the buildings is fire station with 100%(Fig. 2)For gus/guns, 18 places are effective in GHGthe rate are different is that every facility in Jung-gureduction in Dalseong-gun and Suseong-gand Dalseong-gun tries to reduce any GHG. On theother hand, every target agency in Nam-gu and Seo-guFurthermore, Dalseong-gun has the most agencies makes an effort to achieve the goal even though theyagainst all the organizations with 18 in total 19 placeshave low ratesucceeding in GHG reduction Among 212 agencies inDeagu, the successful public buildings are about 51For reduction by gus/guns, Buk-gu is the mostwith 5 140 t/a(in terms of the amount of emitted CO(Fig 3)and Nam-gu is the least with 98.7 t/a(in terms of theThe rate of GHG reduction in 107 successful amount of emitted CO2). It is thought that theorganizations depends on agency. The amount of sites reduction is related to gross area or the use of thewhich achieve beyond the goal 2.02% is 85. Dalseo-gu build中国煤化工CNMHGJ Chongqing Univ. Eng. Ed. [SSN 1671-8H. K Kim et alGreenhouse gas emission reductionTable 4 Current status of public buildings in DaeguGus and guns City and Community Cultural Water andounty office service ceFire stationfacility sewagOthersTotalcenterJung-gu13221Nam-guDalseong-gunDong-guBuk-gueong-guTotal131157212Table 5 Reduction rate and goal to be achieved6 Mean gross area and gHG(greenhouse gas)reductionReductionRate achieving beyondns of the amount of emitted CO2Place2.02%PlaceMean gross area GHG reductionJung-gu294800Jung-gu3838.743.68241540.998.7Dalseong-gun94.7722Dalseo-gu137702232447690.0Buk-gu48.76.5Dong-gu2454.59760.95140.0666304 Effects of GHG reduction programs of buildingin Deaguin Table 7. for the factors of the 37agencies, there are 23 agencies reducing GHG through4.1 Results of application of GHG reduction programs vitalization of green action in office program, which isof building in Deaguthe most extensively used. In the second place, 9organizations replace high efficiency equipment.and the target buildings of Inventory in Daegu is 212, Introduction of new and renewable energy through68 of them are investigated clearly in terms of local deployment project is camied out in 5 sitessuccess and failure factors of GHG reduction. Among Construction of solar canopy and replacement of LEDthese, the number of agencies which succeed in gHg in public sector are also used to reduce GHGreduction are 37 and that which do not is 31The reasons why 31 public buildings do not reduceThere are 37 places which reduce GHG emission GHG emission are shown in Fig. 4. Increase in GHGparticipating in the programs to reduce GHG emission due to growth of operation is the highest,implemented in Daegu. The 37 agencies take part in the taking up 64%. Growth of operation in public buildingsappropriate programs for them, rather than acceptitmeans increase in operation time of special event orthe programs en bloc, thus GHG emission of each. facilities, and increase in utility of unused space. thepublic agency is different.following is growth of electricity for air conditioning% increase in gross area due to new-中国煤化工CNMHGJ. Chongqing Univ. Eng. Ed. [ISSN 1671-8H. K. Kim, et albuildings or extension(9%), growth of users(3%), andExceptionally, some agencies increase GHGleakage due to wom-out water supply facilitiesemission even though they implement policies forreduction. It is judged that heating energy must havegrown because the average temperature in winter islower than that of the basis yearTable 7 Reduction programs and the amount of applied places4.2 Efects of GHG reduction programs of building inProgramAmountdaeguReplacement of LED in public sectorIntroduction of high efficiency equipmentFig. 5 shows the reduction of GHG emission(inConstruction of Solar CanopyDissemination of geothermal cooling andterms of the amount of emitted CO2) through eachprogram. Vitalization of green action in office is theheating to public buildingsit prohighest with 6376.7 t/a, followed by introduction ofLocal deployment5Vitalization of green action in officehigh-efficiency equipment with 6039.27 t/a, localdeployment project with 4494.97 t/a, construction ofsolar canopy with 288.37 t/a, replacement of LED inpublic sector with 77.47 t/a and dissemination ofgeothermal air conditioning and heating to publicbuildings with 0.97 t/a. For GHG reduction comparedLeakageto applying public buildings, introduction of highGrowth ofefficiency equipment reduces the most GHG. It is alsoIncrease in gross ajudged that vitalization of green action in office is highagainst the cost.gGrowth ofGrowth of operationincrease rate of energy expenses compared to the basisrear is investigated. The increase rate of publicbuildings in which GHG emission grows is 8.75%, andthe rate of the ones in which GHg emission decreasesis 1.93%(Table 8). GHG reducticInaguFig 4 Reasons of increasing GHG (greenhouse gas)emission can reduce energy expenses of public buildings5854.350005E4494.9288.3lacement of Introduction of Construction Dissemination of Local deploymenttion of Others(repairLED in public high efficiency of solar canopy geothermal cooling projectworn-outpublic institutionFig 5 GHG (greenhouse gas)reduction(in terms of the amount of emitted CO)by each programJ. Chongqing Univ. Eng. Ed [ISSN 1671-8YHa中国煤化工CNMHGH. K. Kim, et alGreenhouse gas emission reductioTable 8 Increase rate of energy expenseslocal brand image according to the solar city projects inEnergy expenses in Energy expenses inadvance. However, with only the solar city ordinance,is limited to disseminate new and renewable energy(10°won)cases/(10°won)and potential of the energy is relatively insufficient.Thus, dissemination strategy of specialized new andrenewable energy according to region is nee175811sclectionofnewandrenewableenergycorespondingIncrease rateto nature of the region. For energy saving in buildings,energy saving practices for CCA should be conducted5 Conclusionthrough more intensive training for staff and managersto achieve the goal of reduction by 2020 and to turnThe study aims to explore the effectiveness of over energy self-sufficiency nationGHG reduction programs applied to public buildings inDaegu. First, domestic GHG reduction programs and Referencesthe current status of GHG reduction programs ofbuilding in Daegu are investigated. The programs [1] Hong WH. Current state of greenhouse gas reductionconsist of introduction of strategies to reduce energyprogram and reduction target of the building in Daegu,consumption and programs inducing practice of usersKorea [M]. Daegu: Daegu Environmental TechnologyLooking into effects of programs, vitalization ofevelopment Center, 2010. (In Korean)green action in office reduces GHG(in terms of the [23 Daegu Metropolitan City. Climate chance basic policyamount of emitted CO2) the most by 6 3767t/and implementation plans [M]. Dacgu: DacguMetropolitan City, 2010.(In Korean)by 6039. ta local deployment project by (31 Seung DK, Seung HN. Calculation methods for4494. t/a, construction of solar canopy by 288.37 t/a,grreplacement of LED in public sector by 77.47 t/a andof Electronics Engineers of Korea(IEEK ) 2008, 35: 11dissemination of geothermal air conditioning and73-82heating to public buildings by 0.97 t/a. For GHG 14) Chang K. A study on strategy for development of greenreduction compared to applying public buildings,energy industry in Daegu and Gcongbuk D]introduction of high efficiency equipment has the mostKyungpook National University, 2009effect on reduction[5] Kim DH. An study of renewable energy in constructionindustry by public obligation [M]. [S.I: s. n ] 20( In Korean)ffects at a small outlay. Thus, raising awareness of [6] Daegu Metropolitan City. Greenhouse gas inventory ofhigh efficiency equipment, the range of support shouldpublic organization in Daegu, Korea [M. Daegube expanded in order for both public buildings andDaegu Metropolitan City, 2009. (In Korean)private sector to use such equipment. Daegu occupiesEdited by XUE Jing-yuan中国煤化工CNMHGJ. Chongqing Univ. Eng. Ed. [IssN 1671-8