船舶生活污水处理现状

第36卷大连海事大学学报Vol.362010年6月Journal of Dalian Maritime UniversityJun. 2010文章编号:1006-7736(2010)S1 0102-03船舶生活污水处理现状°邓露',李萌(江阴海事局a.办公室;b.VTS中心,江苏江阴214431)摘要:邇过对MARPOL Annex IN适用船舶、处理设备和排放stituted International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution要求等方面的概述,对现阶段船舶主要采取的几种生活污水from Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto处理方式和我国船舶生活污水处理及排放的国内立法等方(MARPOL73/78), the Protocol amending them in Annex NV of面进行介绍,为IMO在船粕生活污水处理方面提出建议.Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from关键词:船舶;生活污水;处理现状Ships. As the technology development, more and more countries中團分类号:U664.92;X327文献标志码:Awith the conditions of entry into force of this annex. UnilMarch 13, 2000 Environmental Council in IMO adoptedOverview of ship sewage treatment statusMARPOL Annex N by the MEPC. 88(44)73/78, aceleratedDENG Lu' , LI Meng'entry into force of this annex. Finally, in September 26, 2002,Norway accepted this annex, and the total reached 88 countrics,(a. General Office;b. VTS center ,Jiangyin MaritimeSafetry Administration, Jiangyin 214431, China;)the total tonnage of the fleet meet 51 % all over the world. Ac-Abstract: This paper mainly describes requirements of sewagecording to MAROL73/78 Article 15, Annex IV came into forcetreatment on ships, quipment and discharge requirement fromin September 27, 2003. Then, MARPOL Annex N became athe aspects of MARPOL Annex IV and introducs both severalcompulsory annex. This paper mainly describes requirements ofsewage onboard treatment ways and legislative drafts in domesticsewage treatment on ships from the aspects of MARPOL Annexships treatment of sewage disposal and discharge standard. AtIV, the main principle and methods of sewage treatment onlast, there are some recommendations for IMO in sewage treat-board, and an overview of sewage treatment in China. At last,there are some conclusions and recommendations for IMO.ment on board.Key words:ship; sewage; treatment status1 Requirements of MARPOL Annex IV to sewage1.1 The definition of sewage by Anpex IN0 IntroductionMARPOL 73/78 Annex IV regulation 1 of chapter 1 de-Nowadays, as the development of economic globalization,fines "Sewage" as: drainage and other wastes from any form ofshipping industry has an unprecedented development and bringtoilets and urinals; drainage from medical premises (dispensary,serious pollution to marine environment at the same time, sew-sick bay, etc. ) via wash basins, wash tubs and scuppers locatedage pollution problems from ships attracted people' s attentionin such prenises; drainage from spaces containing living ani-gudullyy Sewage onboard which cortains a lot o pathogers mab; other waste waters when mixed wih the dringsg deand bacteria from washrooms and toilets flow into sea direcdlyfined above.may have great damage to people who have activities in theFrom the definitin of Annex N, sewage on board shipnearest sea, or cause the eutrophication of water bodies, anmainly c∞omes from the daily lives of the crew drainage. Fromlead to a sharp increase in plankton that may make a large num-the definition, waste waters on board from diferent sources areber of fish dead or relocate to other places. How to reduce sew-divided into two kinds, one is black water, mainly from bath-age discharge from ships is a hot ise to shipping industry forroom, clinic, or living place of live animals; another is grey wa-many years.ter, which includes waste water and waste from the kitchen,In 1973, International Maritime Organization (IMO) con-laundry中国煤化工acommodation ofYHCNMHG●收稿日期:2010-03-24.作者简介:邓露(1983-),男 ,重庆大足人,助理工程师，E-mail:dldenglu@ 163. com.邛露,等:船舶生活污水处理现状103crews. In this paper below, sewage is not for grey water but forample, in port of Gdansk, the port reception surcharge is fromblack water.10 EUR to 15 EUR per cubic meter. Compared with sewage1.2 The application of Annex N to shipstreatment plants, it is much expensive.Ships which involve in international voyage are 400 Gt or 2.2 Discharge treatment equipmentover, shall meet the Annex IN requirements in September 27,2.2.1 Biological treatment plant2008. And after that it should be surveyed and cerificated byAt present, the biological treatment plant is in use aerobiclassification or administration compulsorily.biological treatment method of the activated sludge and biofilm1.3 Sewage equipment reqairementprocess. Fig. 2 ilustrates a process of aerobic biological treat-Regulation 9, 10 in Chapter 3 of MARPOL Annex N es-ment plant. The advantages are simple structure, easy mainte-tablished a series of technology standards that each ship (in ac-nance, limit pharmaceutical usage, low cost, small volume ofcordance with requirements in Annex IV) should has one of sew-sludge after treatment. However, the aerobic biological treat-age treatment plant, sewagc comminuting and disinfecting sys-ment needs oxygen in the process and large volume tank.tem, holding tank , which shall be of a type approved or satisfiedby the Adnministration; and discharge flanges which connectedwith shore facilities or other ships should satisfied the minimumrequirements.1.4 Discharge requirement of sewage in the seaFig.1 shows that the reasonable distance of dischargingsewage in the sea. Still in MARPOL Annex I, there are noany requirements about grey water discharge. Thus grey waterOT MMATION BETLING AERATIOMcan be flow out of ship in any case and any place in legal.Fig.2 An example of work principleo[ biological treatment plant2.2.2 Chemical treatment plantChemical treatment plant is still an essential component insewage treatment schemes. Normally, the purposes of themchemical treatment are pH adjustment, removal of suspendedsolids from sewage (Precipitation) , removal disolved materialsin the sewage (Coagulation/Floculation), and improve waterquality (Clarification). It is faster and more eficient than bio~Fig.1 Discharge requirement areas ot sewagelogical treatment plant. Because bacteria in biological treatment2 Sewage treatment methods on shipsneed a period of time to increase in action tank. W hile chemicalThe treatment methods of sewage from ships have two ma- treatment only needs some chemical materials to react.in ways: non-discharge ureatment equipment and discharge2.2.3 Physical chemical treatment planttreatment equipment. The main process to deal with sewage isThe principle of this treatment method is the process of∞-described below. Firstly, sewage passes filters to fil into holdingagulation, sedimentation, filtration to eliminate water and othertanks. Some ships store the grey water and black water sepa-solid materials, with the dissolved organic matter to reduce therately. Secondly, holding tanks sttle down sewage and separateBOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand in 5 days) from the value ofsolid from liquid. Thirdly, solid particles are tranferred intothe remaining efluent through activated charcoal or other phar-sludge tank. Liquid sewage are filtrated by fine filter and fed in-maceutical treatment disinfection, deoxidation， finally dis-to dispasal tank. Then the liquid are disinfected using chemicalscharged outboard.or other equipment.3 Prevention of sewage pollution in China2.1 Non discharge treatment methodsChina has been handed over the application to IMO Secre-Non-discharge treatment style requires ships to set a hold-ing tank large enough t clee sewage on board, and call fora tary-C中国煤化工° aity the revisedcorreponding reception facilities like reception boat or ollectingMARPr regulaions, it is en-pool in ports. This is suitable for some short liner shipping.tered iYHCN M H ullyy All ieramioanHowever, most of ports have no corresponding reception facili-voyage ships over 400 gross tonnage or carry more than 15 per-ties, or the incept fee is not cheap for single discharge. For ex- sons have been installed sewage treatment plant or holding facili-104大连海事大学学报第36卷ties which ratified by administration to meet the requirement ofShips Regulations of Jjangsu Province (2005). This regulationIMO, and got the International Sewage Pollution Preventionrequires ships in Yangtze River should have enough volume(ISPP) Cerificate.tanks to hold sewage from crew, passengers, and animals. Be-3.1 Domestic legislation system before the entry into force offore the Three Gorges Dam began to work in 2008, China Mari-Annex IVtime Safety Administration (MSA) took measures to require allActually, Chinese government has taken certain measuresoperating passenger ships should install effective holding failitiesto prevent sewage from ships before MARPOL Annex IV cameor treatment plants on board. For instance, Chongqing city hasinto force. Especially, the inland water vessels in China, someinstalled sewage pollution prevention system ona total of 56 ex-sewage treatment plants have been used from late 1960s. Andisting inter-provincial passenger ( tourism) ships in March,some domestic laws and regulations for prevention of sewage pol-2009.lution from ship were constituted gradually.4 ConclusionIn April 1, 2000, Marine Environmental Protection LawTo sum up, MARPOL Annex IV is implemented fficienlyof the People' s Republic of China (2000) came into force andby contract parties. One reason is the amount of sewage is not asArticle 62 required ships in port should discharge sewage tomuch as ballast water or oily water on board, and the scwageshore faciltis. And some regulations, such as Water Pollutiontreatment technology is more mature than others. That meansControl Act of the People' s Republic of China, Water Pollutionship-owner can only spend less money to improve quipment onControl Act Implementation Rules of the People' s Republic ofship to meet the standard in contrast with others. A greatChina, Regulations of Prevention of Marine Pollution from Shipsamount of onboard water discharged by plenty of passengers onof the People's Republic of China, required ships should set rel-cruise ships consist of dark water and grey water. The formerevant anti-pollution equipments to prevent sewage dischargecan be treated by sewage treatment. And the latter, normally inaboard. Meanwhile, China established national standardsseparate holding tank, has not been defined by IMO as sewage(GB10833 - 89) in January 1, 1990 to require the parameter ofand discharged over board directly. As the development of econ-sewage and discharge areas for coastal and inland water ways.omy, there will be more cruise ships in the future, and grey wa-3.2 Prevent sewage pollution im inland water.ter， containing large amount of phosphorus from washhouseIn inland water ways, like Yangtze River, millions of peo-aboard, flows into sea without disposal in some sensitive waters,ple pump the water inside as daily consunmption. So in May 28,ike Yangtze River. Water in those areas may be eutrophication1996 Shanghai established a local regulation as The Regulationand blue-green algae cause in rivers. IMO should add grey waterof Prevention Pollution from Ships in Shanghai Port (1996),into Annex N as revised resolutions. It is citcally that trans-and entered into force in Septenber 1, 1996. In 2005, Jiangsuforms water saving technologies on board, and makes grey waterProvince carried out Inland Waters Prevention of Pollution fromand clean dark water have better recovery and utilization.中国煤化工MYHCNMHG