Pulmonary vein occlusion and remodeling after electrical isolation treatment for atrial fibrillation

Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis or occlusion is a recently described complication of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF), though favorable results of PV ostial ablation have fueled great enthusiasm.1,2 The presenting symptoms include dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, pleural infusion and pulmonary consolidation.3