An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in China An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in China

An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in China

  • 期刊名字:过程工程学报
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  • 论文作者:YUE Qiang,LU Zhong-wu
  • 作者单位:SEPA Key Laboratory on Eco-Industry
  • 更新时间:2020-11-22
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第6卷第4期过程工程学报Vol.6 No.42006年8月The Chinese Journal of Process EngineeringAug. 2006An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in ChinaYUE Qiang(岳强),LU Zhong-wu(陆钟武)(SEPA Key Laboratory on Eco-Industry, Northeastern Universit, Shenyang, Liaoning 10004, China)Abstract: Copper consumption increased very quickly in China in recent years, which could not be met by inland copperindustry. In order to achieve a sustainable development of copper industry, an analysis of copper recycling in China wasnecessary. For the life cycle of copper products a copper-flow diagram with time factor was worked out and the contemporarycopper recycling in China was analyzed, ftom which the following data were obtained. The average life cycle of copperproducts was 30 years. From 1998 to 2002, the use ratio of copper scraps in copper production, the use ratio of copper scrapsin copper manufacture, the materials self-support ratio in copper production, and the materials self-support ratio in coppermanufacture were 26.50%, 15.49%, 48.05% and 59. 41%, respectively. The materials self-support ratios in copper productionand manufacture declined year by year in recent years on the whole, and the ltter dropped more quickly. The average indexof copper ore and copper scrap from 1998 to 2002 were 0.8475 t and 0.0736 t respectively, and copper resource eficiencywas 1.1855 Ut. Some efforts should be paid to reduce copper ores consumption and promote copper scraps regeneration.Copper scraps were mostly imported from foreign countries because of shortage in recent years in China. Here the reasonsrelated to copper scraps deficiency were also demonstrated. But we can forecast: when copper production was in a slow riseor in a steady state in China, the deficiency of copper scraps may be mitigated; when copper production was in a steady statefor a very long time, copper scraps may become relatively abundant. According to the status of copper industry in China, theraw materials of copper production and manufacture have to depend on oversea markets heavily in recent years, and at thesame time, the copper scraps using proportion and eficiency in copper industry should be improved.Key words: copper scrap; copper recycling; copper-flow diagram of the life cycle of copper products; self-support ratio;copper ore index; copper scrap index; copper resource eficiencyCLC No.: TF811Document Code: AArticle ID: 1009- 606X(2006)04 -0683-081 INTRODUCTIONcopper ore resources is as follows: reserves arerelatively abundant, but mostly in low grades; copper1.1 Backgroundores are dfficult for mining and milling; the reserve perCopper is an important basic material and widelycapita is deficient'. As a developing country,used in many fields, such as electricity, light industry,consumption of copper ores in China increased moreindustrial machinery,electronics, transportation,quickly than those in developed countries. Comparedcommunication and national defense, etc. The demandwith the demand, the supply of copper ores was severelyfor copper increased quickly in China in recent yearsin shortage and the self-support ratio of copper ores waswith the rapid development of economy, as indicated inonly about 50%. In the early stage of the 21st century,Table 1. China has become the largest country in copperthe condition of copper ore was austere. So theconsumption since 2002. Along with the rapidregeneration of copper scraps has an importantincrement of consumption, copper production in Chinasignifcance for the copper industry in China. Firstly,can not meet the demand, and the gap has to be filled byusing of copper scraps can reduce the consumption ofoversea markets.non-renewable resources- copper ores, and secondly, itThe reserves of copper ores in China are proved incan reduce consumption of energy and decreasethe fourth place throughout the world. The status quo ofenvironmental pollution.Table 1 Production and consumption of refined copper in China in 1995~2002 (x10*t)Year1995 1996 1997 1998 1 9992000 2001 2002 Increasing rate (%)Production107.97 11919 1l 794121.13 117.42 137.11 152.33 163.256.08Cosumption 114.70 119.27 126.97 140.22 148.42 192.81 230.73. 268.4412.92%Note: The data come from China Noferrous Metals Industy Yearbook (1996中国煤化工TYHCNMHGReceived date: 2005- -10- -18; Accepted date: 2006 -04 -08Foundato ti spre Key TccloierD‘Ce Pogamme (No 203A614A-42)Biography: YUE Qiang(1975-), male, native of Anshan City, Liaoning Province, Ph.D, lecturer, major in material flow analysis.684过程工程学报第6卷,An analysis of contemporary copper recycling ofin this paper, such as Kapur et al.5J on Asian copperChina is very useful in finding the recycling status quo cycle, Spatari et al.4 on European copper cycle, andof copper scraps in copper industry in China, which canlan Beers et al.sl on African copper cycle; Most ofhelp to attain the savings of Cu-containing resourcesthem are the components of the Stocks and Flowsand achieve a sustainable development in the industry.(STAF) Project of the Center for Industrial Ecology at1.2 The Investigative Status Quo of CopperYale University, which seeks a comprehensiveRecycling in China and Abroadaccounting of the anthropogenic mobilization of copperThe method of substance flow analysis is used inand other metals in the industrial economy; and worksanalyzing copper recycling in the present work.of Ayresl2.0), Graedel and Allenby", Kleijn, HansenSubstance flow analysis (SFA) is an effective tool fornd Lassen on theory and practice in general. It isstudying the industrial metabolism of specificclear that in developed countries the method of SFA hassubstances (e.g. copper, aluminum) in a certain spatial been shaped, and a wealth of experience accumulated.scale, for example, in the scale of a nation, a region or aCopper flow analysis in China was lacking and fewfirm. Industrial metabolism means the whole integratedpapers were published on it. There are only some onescollection of physical processes that convert raw)n utilization status of copper scrapsBut thesematerials and energy, plus labor, into finished productsstudies mainly focused on the quantities of copperand wastes4. Therefore, the subject of SFA is toscraps, scarcely used the SFA method.identify and quantify the material flows related to thoseFor the life cycle of copper products a copper-flowphysical processes and the relationships among them.diagram with time factor has been worked out and theThe purpose of SFA is looking for the potentials andcontemporary copper recycling in China analyzed inmeasures of resource conservation and environmentalthis paper.protection, and promoting industrial system to meet the2 COPPER-FLOW DIAGRAM FORrequirements of sustainable development. Thus, theproposals offered in SFA can be of assistance toCOPPER PRODUCTS LIFE CYCLEdecision makers.In developed countries, a lot of work on copperSubstance flow analysis with time factor offlow analysis has been done in recent years, andproducts life cyclel4.5] is used in this paper. Thevaluable proposals raised to decision makers at nationalcopper-flow diagram for the copper products life cycleor regional levels. Many papers have been published.is given in Fig.1.Some of them can be found in the list of references citedImport/ExportFrom copper products不不Dofyear r -OtA11|2|!3|↑D1A141615|A{M.C1BuD2_VA2↓To copper industry of year t+OtStage : Copper production (mining, c∞oncentration, smelting and refining)Stage I: Copper fabrication and manufactureStage l: Final copper products useStage IV: Retrieve from obsolete cop中国煤化工Fig1 The copper flow diagram for the c:YHCNMHGIn Fig1 τ is the reference year for study, AI andA2 τ and t+Qτ, respectively; Oτ the average life cycle ofthe self-produced old copper scraps recycled in the year copper products; A and A" the amounts of indirect and第4期YUE Qiang, et al: An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in China685direct use of old copper scraps, respectively, Ri the(1) The production of primary and secondaryself-produced copper ores used in copper production, Prrefined copper is treated as a single process, andthe outputs of refined copper production in the year t,expressed by the stage I. Interior copper scraps areMt the outputs of final copper products in the yearr, Biproduced in copper production, such as the tailings, slag,the indirect using amounts of new copper scrapsetc., and some of them (C1) are recycled in the sameoriginated from copper manufacture, C1 the usingtage. The dissipating amount of copper during thisamounts of interior copper scraps in copper productionstage is expressed by D1. The output of refined copperoriginated from the same stage, C" the using amountsin the reference year T is P.of new copper scraps in copper manufacture originated(2) The stage I is the fabrication and manufacturefrom the same stage, D、 the dissipating amounts of stage. The copper flows within this stage include thecopper during refined copper production, D2 thefabrication of copper semis and copper alloy semis, anddissipating amounts of copper during retrieve ofhe manufacture of intermediate commodities andobsolete copper products in the year T+△τ, D=D1+D2,finished products. New copper scraps are originated inthe overall dissipating amounts of copper to thecopper fabrication and manufacture, such as copper bitsenvironment in the life cycle of copper products, whichand scraps, which are recycled in copper production (B1)is equal to the sum of dissipating amounts in copperand manufacture (C") in a short time. The output ofproduction and retrieve of obsolete copper products, I,copper products in reference year t was M.I2, I3, I4 and Is the net imported amounts of copper(3) Copper products leave the manufacture stage inconcentrated ore, crude copper, copper scraps, refinedhe form of finished products or embedded intocopper and copper products, respectively, I' and ' theassembled products (e.g. automobiles). When theamounts of indirect and direct use of the net importedcopper products are produced, they are widely used incopper scraps, respectively.industries, primarily used in electricity and lightThe entire life cycle of copper products comprisesindustries. The consumption structure of copperfour stages. Explanations for the stages are as follows:products in China in recent years is listed in Table 2.Table2_ Copper consumption strueture in China in recent yearsIndustryElctricityLight industryMachineryElectronicsTransportationCommunication and othersProportion (9%)39.2~4320-20.67.5~7.88.9~104.5~7.014.4-17.8(4) The retrieval of obsolete copper products is thelike the flow Bi shown in Fig.1. (3) Small recyclingfourth stage in copper products life cycle. Some ofThe copper scraps brought forth are recycled in theobsolete copper products are retrieved after their lifesame stage. Usually the copper scraps produced ircycle (Ai); some of them are permanently stored inbackward position are recycled in frontward position,terrestrial establishments and constructions, some oflike the flows of Ci and C" shown in Fig.1.them are dissipated into the environment during thei3 AN ANALYSIS OF COPPERlife cycle.RECYCLING FOR CHINA IN 2002(1) All the flow rates indicated in Fig.1 are notFirst of all, the average copper products life cyclethose of materials in kind, instead, they are the flowrates of Cu contained in flowing materials. In fact, it is ashould be determined. The average life cycle of copperCu-flow diagram for a life cycle of copper products; (2)products Aτ can be calculated by the weightedThe time concept is clearly shown in Fig.1, T is theaveraging method, which is expressed as follow:reference year for study, Ot the average life cycle ofOτ=Zf(x)xOr,1)copper products in the unit of year, a.Three circular flows can be clearly seen from Fig.l:where i is the use category of copper products,(1) Big recycling- -When copper products are(1,23..... ),f(x) the percentage of the use categoryabandoned after their life cycle, some of them can bei of copper products, and Or; the life cycle of the useretrieved as materials in copper production andcateg中国煤化工manufacture. For instance, like the flows of A1 and A2CNMHGthe best basis forshown in Fig.1; (2) Moderate recycling -The copperSopper cycle analysisscraps are brought forth during copper manufacture andappear to be the seventeen classes Cu-containingused as materials that are recycled in copper production,products made in 1990s in US, Western Europe and686过程工程学报第6卷Japan, as defined by the Market Analysis Company ofproduced in 1972. The copper products in 1972 in ChinaBirmingham, Englandlo. These uses, as shown in Tablewas 24.12x10* t and recycling rate ar of obsolete3, account for 79% of the worldwide consumption ofcopper products was 70%8.1 in 2002, ftom which wecopper. They are useful guidance to the relative use:an obtain the self-produced old copper scrapsmagnitudes, but it is obvious that these data could differrecycled in copper production and manufacture weresomewhat for different epochs or stages of16.88x104 t(A1).technological development'7.The trade data of copper concentrated ore, crudeTable 3 Principal uses of copper in the 1990s in the Us,copper and copper scraps in China in 2002 is listed inWestern Europe and JapanTable 4. Compared with the imported quantities ofNcCategoryUse (%)RTE)copper concentrated ore and copper scraps, the exported1Building wire1445quantities were very small and could be omitted inTube1250Alloy rod1120consideration. The imported copper concentrated oreMagnet wire9(Cu content 25%, ), net imported crude copper (CuTelecommunication wirecontent was 98%, ) and copper scraps (Cu content wasPower cable40Copper sbeet and strip25%,∞) were 51.64x10* t (4), 10.00x10 t (I2) andAlloy sheet and srip2577.00x10* t (I3), respectively.Casting aloysTable4 The trade of copper concentrated ore, crudeMotorvehicle wire10Appliance wirecopper and copper scraps in China in 2002Export voluneImport volumeBare wireItem(in metric ton)Copper redCopper concectated ore357812065395Alloy tube35Cnude copper3411105449Wire (other)Copper scraps77753080096Note: Data fom China Nonferous Metals Industry Yearbook, 2032.,Alloy wireChemical and powder<3.1 A Copper-flow Diagram for Copper ProductsNote: RT is abbreviation of residence time of copper in each use.Life Cycle in China in 2002The calculated result of average life cycle ofIn the copper system, copper will flow throughcopper products is 34 years in Table 3. According toevery stage of the life cycle of copper products, and theTable 3 and integrated with the copper products“Conservation Law” (in which inputs equal outputs)consumption structure in China in recent years (Table 2),will be obeyed'8! A Cu-flow diagram can be drawn towe set the average copper products life cycle in China isreflect the directions of Cu-flow and the distribution of30 years.copper based on the application of the conservation lawSo for the materials used in copper production inat every stage. Some data have been obtained above,China in 2002, a portion of copper scraps comes fromhere we ilustrate the sources of else data, and all ofthe obsolete copper products that were actuallythem are described in Table 5.TableS The quantitative relations and data sources of the copper-flow diagram for China in 2002 (x10*t)ValueQuantitative relationsData sources16.88A-=cx0oMygn"02002=0.70 tl8:.9), M9n2-24.12318.44A1=h491=0.5 vA20)A1:=/24141=0.5 vr2065.89R=0+0O.3)0-56.8123; was calculated based on the model documented by GordonI2", 0-9.08P2002)2 163.25P2002)=4i+R:+B1+/+62+A-D1P2002) was obained from Ref.2316.82D1=41+R1+B1+1/+/2+15-P,D\ was calculated based on mass balance1.71C=P, -D.1P, was calculated based on the major technial economic targets in Ref.23, P=18.53B5.60B-=m-B2)m=0.20 vwl, B was calculated based on Refs.18, 19, B-28.00C22.40C"1=mB2》m2=0.80 vrtP]M(2002)2 376.66M2002)Pt+A"+'+h4+Is-BjM202) was calculated based on mass balanceA263.6642-=0202M200202032=0.70 118.19], M200= :376.66D113.00D2=(1-02032)M2002(2032=0.70 vl,1); M2002=376.66129.82D=D+D2D)=16.82; D=113.00..38.50中国煤化工I";= m2B3)1.12,h41s1-51.64; 1-=10.00; 1-77.00 1-113.888 15=-58.19;je.23.Note: 1) C2002 is the rcyeling rate of obsolte copper products in 2002, sce gosary. 2) 1,.MHare the copper scaps direct use ratios, sce glosary. 3) 0 and 0w are the self produced copper concentrated ores and tailings in mining and millingprocess, respectively. 4) P is the residues in refined copper production stages.第4期YUE Qiang, et al: An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in China687The materials input in copper production in ChinaThe materials self- support ratio in copper production uin 2002 were (Cu-containing in weight): thewasself-produced copper ore R; the self-produced olR+A,+Bcopper scraps Al; the imported copper concentrated oreR+L+12+AL:+1';+B-x100% = 4.39% .I; the net imported crude copper I2; the importedcopper scraps n; the new scraps recycled in copperEqually, the materials self-support ratio in copperproduction BI.The materials inputted in copper manufacture weremanufacture v was(Cu-containing in weight): the self-produced refinedR+4"I+C"-x100% = 50.77% .copper P; the self-produced old copper scraps A"; theP+4+1,+4"+T",net imported refined copper I4; the net imported copper3.2 The Copper Ore Index, Copper Resourceproducts Is; the net imported copper scraps r".Eficiency and Copper Scrap Index of CopperSo, the copper scraps (not including the interiorIndustry in China in 2002copper scraps) use ratio in copper production m was3.2.1 The Copper Ore Index and Copper ResourceAi+',+B.Efficiency of Copper Industry in China in 2002R+1+I2+A:+Iy+B.x100% = 29.18% .The copper ore index is defined as the copperconcentrated ore and crude copper inputted per unitEqually, the copper scraps use ratio in copperoutput of refined copper. This index can be used tcmanufacture n wasweigh the degree of the copper industry dependence oncopper ore and cnude copper.n=_ A"+'s+G1 -x100%=18.14% .For this, the copper ore index is defined as follows:P+14+1s+A"+",K _ The inputs of copper concentrated ore and cnude copper in staitical period(2)The outputs of refined copper production in statistical periodwhere K is the copper ore index, t.This can be comprehended as that there was 0.7812 tUsing the characters in Fig.1, Eq.(2) can becopper concentrated ore and crude copper input per tonexpressed as:refined copper production.K= R+L+62The copper resource efficiency can be defined as(2) .Pthe outputs of refined copper per unit of copperSo that the copper ore index K for China in 2002- isconcentrated ore and crude copper inputted. This indexcan be used to assess the natural copper resourcedetermined asutilization efficiency. For this, the copper resourceR++12,K=5=0.7812 tIt.efficiency is defined as follows:(3)The inputs of copper concentrated ore and crude copper in statistical period’where r is the copper resource efficiency, t/t.3.2.2 The Copper Scrap Index of Copper Industry inUsing the characters in Fig.1, Eq.3 can beChina in 2002For those four different categories of copper scraps,r=R/R+ζ+12.as defined in the Glossary, the interior copper scraps areTherefore, we have found that the reciprocal of K is justrecycled inside the enterprise and not brought to themarkets, so they can not be regarded as the domesticthe copper resource efficiencyr, i.e,copper scraps resource: the imported scraps comingr=l/K .(4)from中国煤化工t either. Thereby, theCorrespondingly, copper resource efficiency in China indome.MC N M H Grludes merely the old2002 was 1.2801 t/t. This can be comprehended as thatcopper scraps ana new copper scraps, the sum is athere was 1.2801 t output of refined copper per tonnational total copper scrap resources.copper concentrated ore and crude copper input.Here an important viewpoint should be stated that688过程工程学报第6卷the amounts of copper scraps alone can not iluminate ifoutputs of a national efined copper production withthey are sufficient or not for a national copper industry,inputs simultaneously.To understand this problem we must consider theHere the copper scrap index is defined as follows:s _ The recycled old scraps and new scraps used in refined copper production in stitical period (5)The outputs of refined copper production in statistical periodwhere S is the copper scrap index, Ut.that the copper scrap index S in China in 2002 wasUsing the characters in Fig.l, Eq.(5) can beS=A:+B/P =0.0860 utexpressed as:S=A'+ B/P.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe copper scrap index is used to weigh the copperscraps sufficiency for a national copper industry. TheThe status quo of copper recycling in China inbigger the S, the more sufficient the copper scraps, therecent years has been studied in this paper, as shown insmaller the S, the less sufficient the copper scraps. SoTable 6.Table 6 Some indices for copper production and manufacture in China in recent yearsltem19981999200020012002AverageChange intervalRefined copper productionMalrials elfupport ratiou(%)55.1751.0646.8042.8444.3948.0542.84-55.17Copper scraps use matio m(%)28.7321.62 .24.3028.69 .26.5021.62-29.18Copper ore index K (14)0.77730.88540.87450.84750.7773-0.9193Copper scrap index S (t)0.06300.06700.07820.08600.07360.0630~0.0860Cppresurce cieirc(c1.28651.12941.08781.14351.28011.18551.0878-1.2865Copper products manufacureMatrials efappartp mabiov (%)73.5561.7457.0653.9450.7759.4150.77-73.55_Copper scraps ue ration 018.9520.4618.142.52-20.46Note: The original data are from China Nonferrous Metals Industry Yearbook (1999 -2003)231. a) The copper scrap index in 1998 is not listed because the indirectand direct using ratios (90% and 10%, respectively) of copper scraps which are difereat from those in the other years in China (based on China NonferrousMetals Induty Yearbook, 1999292.9The average values of the above indexes inThe insufficient outputs of copper ore have severelyEuropean countries in 1994 were m: -34.53%, n= =25.00%,restricted the healthy development of copper industry inu=68.66% and v=83.40%, respectively'. Furthermore,China.the refined copper production and consumption were inThe average copper scrap index in Europeana steady state or in a slow rise in European countries incountries in 1994 was 0.2396 t". Compared withrecent years. Compared with European countries,European countries, the copper scrap index in Chinacopper scraps utilization ratio and materials self-supportwas much smaller. This implies the self-producedratio in China are all much less than the average valuescopper scraps in copper production is much less inof European countries, and this can be interpreted asChina, as the life cycle of copper products is long andthat China's economy is in a fast increasing period, thethe copper production in China is in a fast increment.copper production and consumption increase veryThe copper scraps we use today were originated fromquickly, so the self- produced copper concentrated orethe copper products produced about 30 years ago, andand copper scraps appear to be insufficient, muclthe outputs of copper products in China in the 1970sCu-containing resources have to be imported fromwere only 1/10~1/7 of her contemporary copperoverseas market.products, even though all the copper products may beThe average copper ore index in Europeanchanged into copper scraps, they should merely providecountries in 1994 was 0.5087 t*; correspondingly, thea small amount of the materials required. Moreover,copper resource efficiency was 1.9658 Vt. Comparedthere are some Cu-containing substances dissipated,with European countries, the copper industry in Chinarustyround establishmentsseverely relies on copper concentrated ore and crudedurin中国煤化工f cyole, wWich arecopper. The permitted mining copper ore reserve inMHCNMHGmthemintocopperChina was only 1.670x10' t, if calculating in a staticscraps, so the self-produced old copper scraps use ratiostate, the permitting mining period was only 8 years4 .n copper production is smaller, which is about第4期YUE Qiang, et al: An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Rcyeling in China6891/15~1/10. The same status quo persists year by yearsolve the lacking of materials is to import the copperand the long- term deficiency of copper scraps is formed.concentrated ore, refined copper and copper scraps, etc.What we can do is try our best to retrieve the obsolete(3) From 1998 to 2002, the use ratio of coppercopper products and regenerate them to solve thescraps in copper production and manufacture wereshortage of copper scraps to a certain extent. The26.50% and 15.49%, respectively; thmaterialsshortage situation of the copper scraps can not be settledself-support ratio in copper production and manufacturein the case of fast increment of copper production, itwere 48.05% and 59.41%, respectively. The materialsfollows the basic rule of substance flow. It can roughlyself-support ratiosin copper production andbe forecast that when copper production was in a slowmanufacture declined year by year in recent years on therise or in a steady state in China, the deficiency ofwhole, and the latter dropped more quickly. This is duecopper scraps may be mitigated; when copperto China's economy is in a fast increasing period, theproduction was in a steady state for a very long time,copper production and consumption increase verycopper scraps may become relatively abundant.quickly, so the self-produced copper concentrated oreThe materials self-support ratios in copperand copper scraps appear to be very insufficient, muchproduction and manufacture in China declined year byCu-containing resources have to be imported fromyear in recent years on the whole, and the latter droppedoverseas market.more quickly. China is in her early stage of(4) The copper ore index can be used to weigh theindustrialization, ie, economy is in a fast increment anddegree of copper industry depending on copper ore andsociety is in a accumulative state, the copper resourcescrude copper. The copper resource efficiency can berequirement is quite large. This requirement can not beIsed to assess the natural copper resource utilizationmet by inland copper production, quite a lot of copperefficiency. They are reciprocal mutually. The averagecopper ore index from 1998 to 2002 in China washave to be imported for meeting the domestic demand.0.8475 t, and the copper resource efficiency wasThe imported copper resources increases year by year in1.1855 tUt. The insufficient outputs of copper ore haverecent years, and this trend may continue for a relativelyseverely restricted the healthy development of copperlong period of time, as the quantities of copper scrapsindustry in China. Domestic copper ore resourcescan not increase quickly as the rule of substance flowshould be made best use of and the copper scrapsworks, and copper concentrated ores are also difficult toutilization ratio and skill should be raisedincrease fast in China. According to the status of coppersimultaneously.industry in China, the materials of copper production(5) The copper scrap index is used to weigh theand manufacture have to depend on overseas marketcopper scraps sufficient or not for a national copperheavily for the coming years, in the meantime, theindustry. The average copper scrap index from 1998 todomestic copper ore must be made its best use of and2002 for China was 0.0736 t/t. This illustrate theutilization proportion and efficiency of the copperself-produced copper scraps in copper production isscraps in copper industry should be significantlyinsufficient in China, and the deficient state of copperimproved.scraps can't be solved in a short time. What we can do5 CONCLUSIONSis try our best to retrieve the obsolete copper productsand recycle them, solving the shortage of copper scrapsThe contemporary copper cycle in China centeredin a certain extent. The lacking situation of the copperin the beginning period of the 21 century has beenscraps can't be settled in the case of fast increment ofpresented, utilizing the substance flow analysis (SFA)copper production.with time factor of products life cycle as the basis for(6) The quantities of obsolete copper products inbuilding a copper-flow diagram of the copper productsChina that can be reclaimed today are relatively small.life cycle. Some conclusions are drawn from thisAlong with the fast increment of copper production andanalysis:consumption, the copper scraps are severely deficient(1) Substance flow analysis with time factor ofcrans. are imnorted. It can be roughlyproducts life cycle is an effective way in analyzing theforec中国煤化工ion was in a slow risecontemporary copper recycling in China.or in!Y片C N M H G deficiency of copper(2) The Cu-containing resources were deficient inscraps may be mitigated; wnen copper production wasChina in recent years. As the copper consumptionin a steady state for a very long time, copper scraps mayincreased quickly in China in recent years, the way tobecome relatively abundant.690过程工程学报第6卷GLOSSARY[4] Spatari s, Bertam M, Fuse K, et al. The Contemporary EuropeanCopper Cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows [J]. Jourmal of EcologicalInterior copper scrapsEconomics, 2002, 42:27-42.Produced in copper production, such as the tailings,[5] Van Beers D, Bertram M, Fuse K, et al. The Contemporary AfricanCopper Cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows小The South Africanslag, etc., which are recycled inside the enterprise andInstitute ofMining and Metallurgy, 2003,(4): 1-16.not brought to the markets.[6] Ayres R U. Metals Recycling: Economic and EnvironmentalNew copper scrapsImplications []. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling,Also called“prompt scraps". Originated in copper1997,21: 145-173.manufacture, such as copper bits and scraps, etc., which[7] Graedel T E, Alleaby B R. Industrial Ecology M]. Upper SaddleRiver, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003.are recycled in copper production and manufacture in a[8] Kejn R. In=Out, The Tivial Central Paradigm of MFA [0] Jourmal ofshort time. In this paper, we assume that the new copperIndustial Ecology 2000 3(23): 8-10.scraps are recycled in copper industry in the same year[9] Hansen E, Lassen C. Experience with the Use of Substance Flowas they are brought forth.Analysis in Denmark []. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2002, 6(3/4):Old copper scraps201-219.Also called“post-use scraps". Originated from theWorld Conference on Copper Recycling [C]. 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