一、定语从句定语从句是起定语作用的从句,为形容词性从句,用来限制、描绘或说明主句中的某个名词或代词,有时也说明整个主句或主句中的一部分。被定语从句修饰、指代的对象叫做先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等;关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词在定语从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。如:
I can’t find the magazine
that/which
is
borrowed from the library. (主语)
The man
whom
you saw just now is my
English teacher. (宾语)二、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语。通常情况下,限制性定语从句和主句关系十分密切。
1. 关系代词that和which
(1) that引导定语从句时,既可以指人,也可以指物。指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。that在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。如:I am going to see a friend that/who has just come back from Beijing. This is the novel (that/which) Vincent wrote for the competition. (2) which用于指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。如:The tall building which is by the lake looks beautiful. The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. (3) 一般用that而不用which的特殊情况:a.先行词为all, any, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。如:I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s mistake. Is there anything that I can do for you?b.先行词被only, very, no, some, few, little等词修饰时。如:Mike is the only person that was present atthat time.c.先行词是形容词的最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。如:This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. d.先行词为人和物并用时。如:I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.e.主句为who或which开头的特殊疑问句或先行词是who,whom,which,what时。如:Which is the bike that you lost last weekend?Who that had seen the sight could ever forget?f.先行词在主句中作表语, 而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。如:Jiangsu is no longer the province that it used to be. (4) 只用which不用that的情况:a.关系代词前有介词时。如:Is this the house in which the old professor was born?b.先行词为that,且指物时。如:What’s that which was put in the car? c.which用作定语时。如:Tom may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.
2. 关系代词who, whom和whose
(1) who和whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语(常可省略)。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. Professor Wang is the person (whom) you talked about in the office. (2) whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。指人时相当于of whom, 指物时相当于of which。如:Do you know the man whose name is Anderson? = Do you know the man the name of whom is Anderson? We live in a house whose windows face south.= We live in a house the windows of which face south.
3. 关系代词as
关系代词as 既可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中常作主语、宾语或表语,通常有such,the same,as many,as much等修饰其先行词。如:Such books as I have read are classical works. The teacher set such a difficult problem as none of us could solve.
4.
当way表示方法、方式作先行词时, 后面的定语从句可以用that或in which引导, 也可
以
省略关系词
。
如果定语从句中缺少宾语时, 要用that或which引导, 也可以省略关系词。如:I don’t like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother. The way (that/which) we just talked about was quite simple.PART2
即学即练
用适当的关系代词填空。1. The boyhair is golden is from the United States.
2. I want to find a person
can help me learn English.
3. This is the only road
leads to the top of the mountain.
4.The woman with
I went is my aunt.
5. Bob bought a book in the bookstore this morning. It is the same book I borrowed from the library the day before yesterday.【参考答案】1. whose 2. who/that3. that 4. whom5. as内容精选自《学英语》报