The Functional Methods of Discourse Analysis

科技信息人文社科.The Functional Methods of Discourse Analysis广西大学外国语学院覃卓敏 .[Abstract] From the macroscopic angle of function, methods of discourse analysis are clarified to find out two importantmethods in pragmaics and through which will better used in the undestanding of discourse.[Key Words] Discourse analysis Functional methodsIntroductionfollow or violate those priciples instead. Therelore we should pay at-It is necessary to know thal the theory of discourse analysis exist tention to tbe relativity of the cooperative principle in the informationalong the long development of human's understanding of language, exchange in order to communicale elctivele. Let's take the shortwhich also enhances diferent scholars ' research on discourse analy- conversation 明an example,sis, consulting to diferent research methods-- from form to func-A. Can you tell me how can I go to the police station?tion, from statie state lo dynamic state, from single feld lo interdispo-B. That's casy. You go in to the supemarket next door and lakeline. Tradinally, discourse can be understood from two angles- the anything you like then leave without pay. You will be there in tenanalysis of discourse structure and the analysis of ideology relected minutes.by gocial culture. Special altention will be paid on the functionOnerously, A 8 answer volutes the maxim of relation, accordingmethods in the discourse analysis in this paper.to the which B can hardly find out his way to police station and prob-Pragmatic and context are strongly emphasized when using ably would not flLlow the sugestion of A, yet a sense of hunor isfunctional methodes in discourse analysis. For instance, when dis- produced in the conversation in purpose.course is placed in certain context of social culture and the back-Anther .example in daily life:ground kcertain structural description should beA German poet Goethe walked in the park. He met a critic on aused or in he olher word, the discourse is undergoing the second narrow path, which alowed only one person to pass. The two men ap-coding, As a result, the functional methods closely related to the proached each olher.“I never give way to fols", the crntic saidPragmatics, and are provided with bright social property.haughtily.1. Speech act & Pragmatic“On the contrary, I do." saying that with a smile, Goethe stood1.1 Speech actaside to let him goAs an important theory inIn this case, Goethe perform the maxim of manner pefectly, infirstly advanced by philopher Austin, and then developed by Searl contrast, he also silflly violales the maxim of reation. In facl, ordi-It has been regurded a one of important theories in the field of lin- . nary people can read the signification of peremploriness in the enitic'guistics and the interdisciplinary domain at present, which comprises 8 word, not to mentionthe poet. When, likewise, holding the samethat certain speech can help people realize what he wants to accom- idea as the critic, his rival could be a fool眙well.plish direly or idirecely. According to speech act theory, a epeakerIn addition, seeking for a complete set of rerch aystem on themight be perfoming three acts simultaneously when epeaking locu- usege is another imminenly lask of the funcional methods.tionary act, ilocutionany act, and perlocutionary act, which can not be1.3 Relevance Theoryfelched together in certain conditions. For example, when the speakerRelevance theory was first brought forward by Spurber and Wil-uttering wordes, phrases, and clauses, he is also earying out the act of son, as a pragmnatic theory which explains commurieation has re-conveying lieal meaning by means of syolax lexicon and phonology, ceived wide atentions since eighics of last century It mainly studiesand is a kind of ilocutionary act or perlocutionary act a well. Indeed, communicative inference process. In particular, it comprises mainlythe same sentence will realie dfferent speech acts when itis used to two important concepls- perceives relevance and communicativereach various target audiences, spoken in various intonations, or inrelevance, it focuses on principles of utterance in communication.various conditions, 80 that the founctional method can be undertaken.The basie framework of relevance theory is brielly discussed in this1.2 Cooperative pinciplespaper in order to presents the interpretation of discourse comprehen-As for the reacarch on dynamic discoune, Grice points out that, sion by discussing features of communication inlerence, cognitivein order to achieve the target in the communication, bouh of the conlexl and optimal relevance. The relevance is not only atributablespeakers have to hold a cooperative and tacit atitude in the proce-to relevant information but also to relevant expressive behavior. Fordure of communication, such略the principle of truth, slficiency,比example, the itrelatinships among relevant infomation, relevantlation, cleamess, base on which, the principle of maxim of quantity, expressive behavior, contextual llects, and cognitive eects. On themaxim of quality, maxim of relation, maxim of manner were put for- one hand, all the information expressed in terns of word should beward in is later research. According to the theory, whatever cultural laken as a whole to achieve the goal of underslanding to the maximumbackground the speaker has, all those basic principle should be im- level.中国煤化工lhat coneing masageplemented in their communication. However, examples of violatingshould! arive at the same goal.the principles cen be found in our daily kife validated by practice, inm AccordYHC N M H Gion ofthe wold souldcluding the violating act on the purpose such a certain communica-be observed the disciplinarian of relevance. In the same manner, cor-tive intention. There is also needs to notice that it is not absolute to rect understanding must be based on the relevant information of theobserve or to violate the cooperative principle. Reverse, it relatively world.一121一科技信息人文社科2. The attribute of the social cultureety should occupy a more significant positin when applying theThe atributle of the social culure oriented from the research offunctional methods in the research procedure of discourse analysis.sociology, anthropology and social cricism. A group of scholar began On the one bhand, language reckons upon the society. It is commonto switch their atention from macroecopic social phenomenon to dailyknowledge that language gets is birth during the forming of humansocial nterctions, which convey the meaning that functionl methodssociey; there sbhould be no language if here hadn't been for theare used to investigate kinds of social activities or practices.commucative needs of humean being in that uncivilized world. NoThe combination of format and meaningmatter how clever the single sound the itlligent animals (besidesIt ia no doubt that discourse is composed of vocabulary accord-human being) use to communicate with their members, it will sil being toa set of grammar eyiem, but there is no regulation that pre a sound but not s Bystematic language, not to mention a discourse. Onscribes what kind of format corepond to an excluaive meaning. The the other hand, the society can not depart from the language, furthermore, the virtual value language rooted in the discourse, with whichsame function but produce diflerent format. For example, in the situ-communication can be carried out Bessfully in the society, and al-ation of geeing, diferent format will be used in Chinese and Eng-so owning to diferent kind of discourse, intercommunication can belish:rich and colorful.①A: How are you?ConclusionB: Fine, thank you. And you?In the end of the essay, it can be summarized in this way thatA: I'm fine too.functional method of discourse analysis is a scientific method which②甲:你好!includes two significant perspectives- rexploiting new orientation of乙:你好!pragmnatic and its distinct social atrbule. Neverheless, the functionalIt ia necessary to notice that diferent formats are used to expressmethods of discourse analysis are focusing on one incisive point,the same meaning in the same language.function, of the reearching methods, in order to have a gip on the③A: Hello!overall of discourse analysis, there are still other methods to consultB: Hello!④A: lt's fine day today!B: Yos, it's lovely.References⑤甲:你吃过没有?[1 ]illian Brown and Gecorge Yule. Discouse Analyis [M].乙: 还没有,这就去。Syndicate of the Pres of the Univesity of Cambridge, Cambridge,⑥甲:你上哪儿?England, 1983.乙:我上办公室,你呢?[2]Diana Boxer & Andrew D. Cohen.Studying Speaking to甲:我去实验室。Inform Second Language Leamning[M]Multilingual Matter Lid, 2004.That the fixed discourse format assembled by certain formnat and[3]sincair. J and M. Coulthand. Towards an Analysis of Dis-meaning is decided by the apiration of a certain social group thatcourse [M].Oxford, oxford Univesity Pes,1975.using the language, and established by usage of the experience of the[4]李关霞.话语属性类型探究[]].外语艺术教育研究，people who belong to diferent language using group. Indeed, with the2006 (1).rapid development of the society, the fixed discourse formats keep[5]徐家金.从功能和结构看货与分析研究诸方法[].解放changing a well. The interdependent relationship between the lan-军外语学院学报,2004,(4).guage and society directs to the stage of amalgnation.[6]朱永生.话语分析五十年:回顾与展望[].外国语,The interdependent relationship between the language and soci-2003,(2).(上接第120页)像初看到的那样简单。 )“简单”为喻底,“象”以外的事物域、人的社会属性活动域和情感域。借助纽马克关是明喻的标志词。于隐喻的七种翻译方法翻译英语体喻,使用频率上:一般多用⑥省略。即省略英语词语叠用或意义重复部分。如: good①②⑤,少用③④⑥⑦。英汉民族认知和语言有相似,但文化有head on one's shouldere(有头脑)。别,英汉语的体喻表达中喻体形象会对应或不对应,甚至不可⑦隐喻与喻底结合。一般用于引进介绍英语喻体不同于汉译,在力求生动又确保原意的要求下,重现相同的喻体代替英语喻体的情况,丰富汉语表达。用直译加注释1解释的方法,既语喻体和转化成喻底是汉译时最常用的翻译方法。人体隐喻中保留隐噲的民族文化特征,又加深读者对译文的理解。如: A用明喻翻译隐喻和省略重复喻体翻译的情况不多,隐喻与喻底bird in the hand is worh two in the bush.(-鸟在手胜过二鸟在林,结合一般用于为丰富汉语表达而引进英语喻体不同于汉语喻得到手的才靠得住。)体的情况,这些翻译方法使用也相应少。换个角度，纽马克的隐喻翻译策略也可以简化归结为直译、意译和套译:①③为直译:②为套译:④⑤⑥为意译;⑦为直译参考文献.和意译结合。直译可以是汉语原有的对应体喻,也可以是引入[1]Clark IOF. Worduvise. A Dicrionary of English Idioms[M].英语独有的体喻,丰富汉语表达法;套译和意译,用于英语中有Harnp中国煤化工而汉语中没有的体喻,要么用汉语中对等的其它部位或器官构rs We Lived By [M].成的体喻代替，要么直接将喻底译出来。ChicagMHCNM H G980.总而言之,由于人类思维“体认"特征,语言中人体词常用[3]Newmark P A.Texrbook of Tanslation[M].Herfrdshire:来认知世界,产生大量人体隐喻表达一依 据相似性(喻底),Prentice Hall Intemationa(UK)Ld,1988.人体(喻体)映射到非人体(本体)。英语体喻“本体"主要有:人[4]单俊毅英语隐喻释义三步法[]国外外语教学1995(3).一122-..