Economic Transformation Capacities and Developmental Countermeasures of Coal-resource-based Counties

Chin Geogra. Sci. 2010 20(2)184-192DOL:101007/sl17690100184-zEconomic Transformation Capacities and DevelopmentalCountermeasures of Coal-resource-based Counties of ChinaWANG Shijun, JIANG LiliCollege of Urban and Environmenal Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)Abstract: In China, the economic systems of many small-scale resource-based regions are confronted with realizingsustainable development through economic transformation. This paper, taking 37 coal-resource -based counties inChina as objects, evaluates the economic transformation capacities of the counties by principal component analysis(PCA). Based on the comprehensive principal component values of >l, 0-1 and <0, the economic transformation ca-pacities of the counties are classified into strong, common and weak grades. Then, the paper proposes the develop-mental countermeasures according to different transformation capacities. For the counties with strong transformationcapacities, it is crucial to make scientific positioning and rationally exploite resources in view of the developing characteristics and modes of those counties; as for the counties with common transformation capacities, the preparation andperfection of basic transformation conditions are still important aspects; as for the counties with weak transformationcapacities, shifting from"passive transfromation "to"active transformation"in light of resources conditions is neces-Keywords: coal-resource-based county; economic transformation capacity; development countermeasure1 Introduction1996In China, researches on resource-based regions beganResource-based regional economy is an important re- after the foundation of People's Republic of China ingional economic category in the system of regional 1949. Before the 1990s, relevant researches were mainlyeconomy in China. However, because of the constraint exploitation-directed for the sake of national large-scaleof resource structure and the unicity of industrial struc- economic construction, and involved resources exploitature,usually, there are various obstacles in the process tion, settlement establishement, planning, regional de-of regional economy' s sustainable development.velopment strategies and so on ( li, 1978; Ma and Sun,Foreign research of resource-based regions originated 1981; Wei, 1981; Liang, 1985; Ma, 1985 ).After thein 1930s, which was marked by the Canadian geogra- 1990s, with the advancement of sustainable develop-pher H A Innis's research of resource-based towns(Innis, ment view, researchers paid more and more attention to1940), initial attention was mainly paid to those emerg. various problems that appeared in the process of re-g social problems, and the research scale was re- source-based regional development. Particularly, in thestricted to single town or particular regions(Burgess, process of the operation of the revitalizing northeast1925: Robison, 1962). Later on, relevant researches industrial base, the issues of resource-based regionalgradually focused on problems such as resource-based sustainable development and economic transformationregions'internal structure such as lifecycle, develop- were gradually emphasized. For instance, Fan(1993),ment stage, industrial structure, labor force structure and Cheng(1994)and Liu(2000)made further research intoso on. Meanwhile, the research scale has been shifting the industrial structure adjustment of some resource-ba-from the empirical study which emphasizes on individ- sed regions. And other researchers studied the issues ofual to the empirical and normative study(Bradbury, the sustainable development of resource- based regions1979; Hayter and Barnes, 1992; Randall and Ironside, andleme in the nrocess of economic中国煤化工Received date: 2009-04-28: accepted date: 2009-11-09CNMHGFoundation item: Under the auspices of Key Program of National Natural Scienceon of China(No. 40635030)orresponding author: WANG Shijun. E-mail: wangs @nenu.edu.o Science Press and Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010Economic Transformation Capacities and Developmental Countermeasures of Coal-resource-based Counties of China 185transformation(Shen, 1998: Shen and Cheng, 1999; exploring a scientific way of sustainable development,Zhao, 1999; Zhou, 2000; Wang, 2003; Zang et al, 2006 which will be politically, economically as well asZhang et al., 2008)cially meaningful. For that reason, this paper will probeHowever, in previous researches the objects were into the economic development countermeasures fomainly large-scale regions such as provinces and cities. coal-resource-based counties in China through evaluat.Currently in China, not only medium and large regions, ing economic transformation capacitybut also a large number of resource-based small-scaleregions are faced with the problem of resource exhausi- 2 Data Sources and Methodstion and the task of ecomomic transformation, particilarly counties.2.1 Data sourcesCoal-resource-based counties in China have common The data used in this study were taken from chinaeconomic characteristics of counties on one hand, take Country Statistical Yearbook 2006 ( Department of Ruralcoal-resource-based industry as their leading industries Serves, National Bureau of Statistics, 2006), Chinaor pillar industries on the other hand. They are charac- Statistical Yearbook for Regional Economy 2006(De-terized by unitary industry and product, agglomerated partment of Comprehensive Statistics of National Bu-industry distribution and low ecomonic benefit. viewed reau of Staistics, 2007), China City Statistical Yearbookfrom the society, the urbanization in the counties is so 2006(Department of City Serveys, National Bureau offast that the urban-rural dualistic structure is obvious, Statistics, 2000), China Mining Yearbook 2006(Edito-the problems of economy, society and environment are rial Board of China Mining Yearbook, 2007), Tabulationserious because of unreasonable exploitation of re- on the 2000 Population Census for each County ofources, and the regional functions, especially living and China( Popolation Census Office under the State Counculture functions, are not perfect(Zhu, 2005). In addi- cil; Department of Population Statistics, State Statisticaliontheeconomicdevelopmentofcoal-resource-basedbuReau,PeoplesRepublicofChina,2001),http://www.counties not only has different periods, i.e., preparatory chinamining. com. cn, etc.period, growing period, mature period and recessionperiod, corresponding to the resource exploitation cycle 2.2 Method(Ma and Zhang, 2004), but also has instability due to According to China Mining Yearbook 2006(Editorialtechnology progress, which can accelerate or decelerate Board of China Mining Yearbook, 2007)and Chinesethe evolution of the economic development.MiningWebsite(http://www.chinamining.com.cn),thisGenerally, due to the relatively small population scale, paper selected 37 coal-resource-based counties in Chinathe economic and social problems brought about by re- as research objectssources exhausition and irrational industrial structure in In the evaluation, the principles for index selectioncoal-resource-based counties are not as serious as those were as follows: first, the index should reflect the eco-in large-scale resource-based regions such as coal-resou- nomic characteristics; second, it should consider social,rce-based cities. However, the degree of the dependence economic, resources and environmental system condi-on resources is usually higher, and economic system is tions comprehensively; third, it should avoid themore vulnerable in coal-resource-based counties than in gional scale differences; fourth, the index should belarge-scale resource-based regionsavailable. Based on the above principles, 14 indexes,On account of the long time for coal exploitation and which relate to aspects of economy, finance, infrastrucregional development, most of the coal-resource-based ture, industry, social foundation,resources,etc,werecounties in China have been in the middle-age period of selected (Table 1)(Zhang, 2007; Li and Zhang, 2008).resource exploitation, and some have already been in the Then, the principal component analysis(PCa)wasagedness because ofresources exhaustion(Guo, 1999). add中国煤化工omic transformationData from Chinese Mining Website show that there are capac2002). According to86.5%of couties being in middle-age and agedness pe. theCNMH Gipal components asriods. Therefore, it is urgent to pay more attention to new factors for economic transformation capacity, who-those small-scale resource-based counties, seeking and se eigenvalues are greater than one( table 2)形 ANG Shijun, JANG LⅲTable 1 Index system for economic transformation capacity of coal-resource-based countyIndexSome index's calculation methodRatio of financeself-support (%)financialnancial self-supply abilityDensity of fixed assets investmenttotal investment in fixed assets x 100%Infrastructure development ability(land area of administrative regionComprebensive development index ofComprehensive development ability ofX(x: proportion of output value of industrialdepartment m, X, proportion of output valueof industrial department nProportion of industry output value ofNon-mining industry development abilityI7Employment structure of labor forceIs Proportion of actual utilization of for-actual foreign capital_)Economic openness abilityBalanc of urban and rural residenttion abihProportion of registered unemploymentSocial stabilityUrbanizaion(%town populationx100%Social development levelPeople of education background over According to Tabulation on the 2000 PopulatioLabor force qualityjunior college per thousand (person) Census for Each Counry of ChinaPeople in scientific research and coRegional innovation levelprehensive technical service(person)Iu Intensity of resources exhausitionAccording to evaluation of resources exploration period Resource support abilityinfancy-0.3: middle-age=0.6: agedness=0.9)Sources: China County Statistical yearbook 2006( Department of Rural Serveys, National Bureau of Statistics, 2006), China Statistical Yearbook for RegionalEconomy 2006(Department of Comprehensive Statistics of National Bureau of Staistics, 2007), China City Statistical Yearbook 2006 Department of CityServeys, National Bureau of Statistics, 2007), Tabulation on the 2000 Population Census for Each County of China( Popolation Census Office under theState Council; Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2002)http://www.chinamining.comcn,etc.3 Evaluation on Economic Transformation nent(Z2) has greater load in xn and xI, reflecting theCapacitysocial development level; the third(z3)After the component matrix rotation(Table 3), we can self-中国煤某化了vation capacity, thatsee that the first principal component(Z1) has greater isCNMHGthe fourth principalload in I1, x3, x4, x and xy, reflecting the general eco- component(Z4)has greater load in x2, xs and xl4, renomic development level; the second principal compo- flecting the economic development capacity under re-Economic Transformation Capacities and Developmental Countermeasures of Coal-resource-based Counties of China 187Table 2 Eigenvalue and total variance explainedstrength of coal-resource-based counties is low, the ca-Component Eigenvalue Variance Cumulative variance pacity of economic diversification is weak and the eco-nomic structure especially the industrial structure tends29.23to be unitary. Therefore, the secondary industry whichtakes coal industry as the main always makes more con-1.5183108451tribution to regional economy and the non-resource-ba乙2乙z22不不sed industry makes less contribution88673.865By calculating the values of each09003nent based on the load (Table 4), we got the comprehen0.770685sive value according to the contribution rate of each4.753690.5542principal component(Table 5). And then we used these36130comprehensive principal component values to reflect the2.1753963424economic transformation capacity.02050l4646978070We take zero as the basic critical value of the compre-Z120.184299.1230hensive values, that is to say, zero is the average level intransformation capacity for the 37 counties.0.04050.28961000000The value that is lower than zero means that the eco-nomic transformation capacity is lower than the averageTable 3 Principal component loadlevel, the value that is higher than zero means thatcapacity is higher than the average level, and the valueCompon- FirstFourththat is higher than one means that the capacity is rela()0.711component values of >l, 0-1 and <0, economic trans-formation capacities of 37 counties can be classified intox0.6300.109055200200343strong, common and weak grades, respectively(Table 6)1420.1840056There are only four counties with strong capacity,0.127-0030661-0270which account for 10.8% of the studied counties; 120.1050.2090092counties with common capacity, which account for0.78532. 4% and 21 counties with weak capacity, which takes0096-0.1030061up56.8%0.274041906580.208According to the spatial distribution, counties with0.0640.792strong or common capacities are mainly distributed inxll 0.230 0.914 0.104 0.065 0.025 the eastern and central regions of China( Fig. 1).Espe0.2240.938cially, for the 16 counties whose comprehensive value0.1610.088larger than zero, 68.8% of them are distributed in Shan-Ru0.046.J132-0038 0.730 0.162 dong, Shanxi and Henan provinces. For example, inthese three provinces, Yima and Longkou's grades aresource-constrained conditions; the fifth principal com- strong: Zoucheng, Yanzhou, Xinmi and Dengfeng's deponent(Zs)has greater load in xg and x10, reflecting the grees are common. These reflect the obvious locationsocial stability and open conditions, that is, the social directivity of the economic transformation capacity. Ondevelopmental environment. By analyzing eigenvalues, one hand, these three provinces coal resources are relaresults of the first principal component are the best with tively richer and their mining conditions are better. Onthe value of 4, which is obviously different from other therces demand of theprincipal components. By analyzing indexes, there is a provi中国煤化- ge they are close tonegative correlation between indexes of non-resource- BeijCNMHG base in the northbased industry(r6 and x7)and comprehensive indexes and Shanghai- Ningbo-Hangzhou energy consumption(l, x3 and x4). This indicates that the comprehensive center in the south, and are distributed in the industrialWANG Shijun, JIANG LiliTable 4 Principal component value and orderThirdFourthOrder CoumtyCountyCountyCounty1 YiLongo1629Feicheng 2.0201600Huichun如Bijie1.301Leiyang0.838Huolinguole 1.49110060462Lingwu 0.733Tengzhou 0.891Hetianxian 0.387GaopiXingyang 0.760.761Leping0355Xinmi1.055553Heshan 0.4Manzhouli 0.675Huolinguole 0.30611 XintaiYanzhou0.127Dengfeng 0.3900.245rolls08160.4760.0540386Hancheng 0.0430.72513 HeshanJiexiu00920246Gaoping0039Xingyang 0.65714 JiexiuZixing -0 125zixing0.148DuyunHuozhou15 Yongcheng 0.2860.18Gaoping 0.075000616 GaopingLongkou -0.2290.250Yuzhou045917 Tengzhou 0.143Zoucheng -0.401Ruzhou18 Feicheng 0. 109Huolinguole -0 28319 YuzhouXnm0.383Huozhou -0.28220 HanchengBeipiao -0.674Huozhou -0.412Lianyuan -0.10821 Lingwu -0.233Feicheng -0 679Lianyuan 0.45322 ZingDiaobingshan -0.50423 Huozhou -0.748Dengfeng -0.7580461Huichun -0.5440.886RuzhouZoucheng -0.511Tengzhou -0.67125 Leiyang -0.9830580Yuzhou.595Yongcheng -0.60.5980.809Yongcheng -1.028Lianyuan -0.717Shulan -0 87528 Duyu-1.0540.730.8830.985Yongcheng -0.8161475Yuzhou1.122Yima1149Manzhouli -0.903Duyu1124-1.3011110Hetianshi -1 14032H-1575Fengcheng -1. 252-1.3331. 171Fengcheng33 Leping1.745-1.2961.618ng-1477LeiyangHuaying -1.4392244Tengzhou -1_948Beipiao -2.597Xuanwei -2.66737 Shulan-2.571Hetianxian -1.509Hetianxian -2.7102.082Leping -3.632belts along the eastern coastal line and Longhai-Lanxin mous Region are comparatively special. As for theirrailway line. These provinces are the coal-resource-bas- econo中国煤化工 Huolinguole ranksed regions in China with good transportation conditions theCNMHGfourth in the overalland comprehensive location advantages. In addition, order. but une mecnanusm tor uneir strong capacity isHuolinguole and Manzhouli in Inner Mongolia Autono. different. According to the basic data and the result ofEconomic Transformation Capacities and Developmental Countermeasures of Coal-resource-based Counties of China 189Table 5 Comprehensive value and order of countieTable 6 Grades of economic transformation capacityProvince(region)Strong Yima, Huolinguole, Longlou, ManzhouliZoucheng, Yanzhou, Xinmi, Dengfeng.0-1 Common Heshan, Diaobingshan, Xingyang. Feicheng.Zixing, Jiexiu5670.755Gaoping, Hancheng, Hetianshi, Lingwu, Yuzhou,anzhouWeak Huichun, Yongcheng, Tengzhou, Huozhou, Leiyang,Duyun, Beipiao, Fengcheng. Xuanwei, LianyuaRuzhou, Bijie, Huaying, Leping, Shulan, Hetianxiamm、时o12345678gShandongShanxiHunanJiexiu0032ShanxiHanchenShanxi0.029Hetianshi0.03020 Lingwu0.1105001000aFig 1 Distribution of coal-resource-based counties withdifferent economic transformation capacites in ChinaHenan4 Developmental Countermeasures0.273Leiyang-o396 According to the principal component structure, the first5578901234and the second principal components can be viewed as0.509basic factors due to their good manifestations, whosecumulative percentage is about 45.9%; the third, theYunnanfourth and the fifth principal components can be viewedLianyuanas promotive factors due to the total 27.9% of the cumulative percentage. From the principal componentpresentation, basic factors have greater effects on thetransformation capacity of the coal-resource-based35 Lepingcounties. The higher the economic and the social devel36 Shulan-1.371 opment level, the better the economic strength and theHetianxiansocial infrastructure, and this will be a better supportingcapacity for the realization of resource-based countiesprincipal component analysis, the mechanism for Huolin- active transformationguole is endogenous driving, that is, the region gets self-increasing by transforming resources capital into regional 4.1 Co中国煤化工 ation capacitydevelopment energy inside, while the mechanism for AcManzhouli is extermal driving, that is, the high transforCNMHstrong transformamation capacity of this region is driven mainly by non-re- tion capacity have higher economic development levelsource economy depending on perfect port conditions. and the social development level. Definitely speaking,WANG Shijun, JIANG LiTable 7 Principonent value Strong Common Weak Strong Common Weak Strong Common Weak Strong Common Weak Strong Common Weak9432the basic factors for economic transformation are supe- tion of the counties, the preparation and perfection ofrior. For the promotive factors, the developmental po- social infrastructure conditions are still important, suchtentiality and the social developmental environment are as the accumulation of financial capital and humanalso good, but the economic development capacity un- capital, the construction of infrastructure, the promotionder resource-constrained conditions is comparatively of urbanization, etc. However, to achieve the rapid de-weakViewedfromthedevelopmentalperiod(http://velopmentineconomyandthecapitalaccumulationforwww.chinamining.com.cn),thesecountiesareinthetransformationitisstillnecessarytodependonthecoalperiod of middle-age or infancy and rich in resources. resources for a period of time. Therefore, extending coalViewed from the way of development, these counties industry chain and developing coal-related industriesfollow two different modes. One including Yima and and upstream and downstream industries are pragmaticHuolinguole is characterized by rich resources. The re- ways for decreasing dependence on coal resources andsources capital can be effictively transformed into the achieving economic transformation stage by stage. Forcapital for economic development, and accumulated in instance, for Diaobingshan, more attention should bethe local. So the counties'development can get powerful paid to three promotive factors, especially to the de-motivity, but strongly depends on resources. The other crease in the dependence on coal resources. As a result,one including Longkou and Manzhouli is characterized problems that need to be solved urgently are to improvey extermal-driving economy. As the prosperity of the capacity of the diversification for economic devel-non-resource-based economy, these counties weakly opment, and to decrease the dependence on coal re-depend on resources in their developmentsources by adjusting the structure of industries and re-In general, for the counties with strong transformation sources, developing continuous industries, and the ra-capacity, it is crucial to make scientific positioning as tionally positioning industries. At the same time, it iswell as rational exploitation of resources in view of the also necessary to improve its development potentialitydeveloping characteristics and mode of those counties. and perfect development environment.For example, Yiadjust the structure of coal-resource-based industries, 4.3 Counties with weak transformation capacityimprove the technological capability, and prolong the From Table 7, it can be seen that the the counties withlifecycle of resources to break away from the depend- weak transformation capacity are comparatively poor inence on resources and realize sustainable development. all basic factors and promotive factors, especiallyAnd Longkou and Manzhouli should take coal-resource- general economic development level and developmentbased industries as their regional characteristic indus- potentiality. Due to the relatively lower general eco-tries, and follow the way of ecological protection based nomic development level, the economic developmeon the principle of ecological harmonycapacity under resource-constrained conditions is com-paer than others from the statistic dat4.2 Counties with common transformation capacity The reasons are as follows: firstly, the loss of resourcesAccording to Table 7, for the basic factors of the coun- capital leads to the decrease of benefit from coal re-ties with common transformation capacity, the general soureconomic development level is higher than the social of中国煤化工ation-resources- constrain-development level; for the promotive factors, the de-CNMH GHeshan which are invelopmental potentiality and the developmental envi- the agedness period of resources exploration, resourcesronment are better. regard to the economic transforma- exhaustion makes them non-resource-constrained. ForEconomic Transformation Capacities and Developmental Countermeasures of Coal-resource-based Counties of China 191these counties, countermeasures for economic transfor- choses indexes from economy, society and resourcesmation are mainly in two aspects: first, developing new and environment aspects for the evaluation on econoresources to replace coal rsources, we call this"passive transformation capacity, therefore, it is inevitable totransformation"; second, accumulating resources capital draw the conclusion that this paper still have some limi-in the local, that is to say, keeping the benefit from coal tations, and futher exploration should be maexploration and primary processing in the local so as topromote the counties'development effectively, we call Referencesthis"active transformation"JH,19795 Conclusionssource-based town development. Economic Geography, 55(2)Burgess E W, 1925. The Growth of the City. 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