Urban Fresh Water Resources Consumption of China

Chin. Geogra. Sci. 2009 19(3) 219224DOI: 10.1007/s11769 009-0219-5www.springerlink.comUrban Fresh Water Resources Consumption of ChinaZHU Peng'", LU Chunxia', ZHANG Lei', CHENG Xiaoling'(1. Institte of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bejing 10049, China)Abstract: From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be cassifiedas three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh waterconsumption was presented based on the thcory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method,which was utilized to calculate urban fesh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change andcauses. The results show that the total urban fresh water consumption increased 561.7x 10'm', and the proportion to thetotal national fesh water resources increased by 20 percentage points fom 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct andinduced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separatelyfrom 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urtban indi-rect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced waterconsumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasureswere put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China.Keywords: urban fresh water consumption; direct water consumption; indirect water consumption; induced waterconsumption; China1 Introductionally, some researches focused on the changing trend ofthe amount of urban water consumption (including urbanAs one of the most important natural resources and envi- industry and domestic water consumption) in China (Qianronment cortrllable elements, fresh water resources are et al, 2002; Wu, 2005). In a word, previous studies onimportant part of national power (Wang et al, 2002). The urban water consumption were merely related to urbansustainable uilization of urban fresh water resources is diret water consumption, which is only a very small partvital to residents living and urban socio economic susof urban water consumption.tainable development (Zhai et al, 2003). The previousWith the development of urbanization, the composi-studies on urban water consumption mainly centred on tion of urban fresh water consumption has evolved fromurban diret water consumption, which involves urban“diret and inirect water consumption”to“irect indi-industry, domestic and environment water consumption.rect and induced water consumption". From the point ofThe studies on urban industry water consumption focusedview of ecosystem theory, the urban water consumptionon the total amount of industry water consumption, its in tis paper was extended to the nural and natural eco-changing trend, and the crelaton between industry wa systems, involving all of the diret, indirect and inducedter consumption and economy development (Qian et al, water consumption (Zhang and Zhu, 2008). The paper2002; Jia et al, 2004; Merrtt, 1997); those on urban presented a calculating method of urban fresh waterdomestic water consumption mostly aimed at its influ-consumption, which was used to calculate the amountencing factors and prices (Qi, 2002; Yin and Yuan, 2005; and structure of urban fresh water consumption, and toShen et al, 2006); and those on urban envirnment water analyze its fluctuant causes, subsequently to reveal theconsumption mainly involved the consumption amount中国煤化工tion. Based on theand its values (Jenerette et al, 2006a; 2006b). Addition- abovesome countermea-:MYHCNMHGReceived date: 2009-01-22; accepted date: 2009-05-05Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China No.40535026)Corresponding author: ZHU Peng. E-mail: zhup.06b@igsnr.ac.cn20ZHU Peng, LU Chunxia, ZHANG Lei et al.sures to guarantee the sustainable utilization of urbanconsumption, and they were calculated separately. Ag-fresh water resources in China.riculture water consumption is the amount of indirectwater resources consumed by farmland, forestry an2 Data and Methodsanimal husbandry. And grassland water consumption isthe amount of indirect water resources consumed by2.1 Data sourcesgrassland.Data for statistical analysis in this study were collected(1) Agriculture water consumption. The expression offrom the following sources: China Water Resourcesurban indirect agriculture water consumption is as fol-Bulletin (1997- 2005) (The Ministry of Water Resourceslows:of the People's Republic of China, 1998 -2006), ChinaSlatistical Yearbook (1981- 20060) (National Bureau ofIAW=(M+TAWSTxPxC.+aTFW ())2TCTAE'台Statistics of China, 1982- 2007), China AgricultureYearbook (1980 -2006) (China Agriculture Yearbookwhere IAW is indirect agriculture water consumption; MEditorial Commission, 1981- 2007), China Land andis water producing per unit area obtained from ChinaResources Almanac (999 -2005) (Ministry of Land andWater Resources Bulletin (1997- -2005) (The Ministry ofResources, 2000 2006), China Compendium of Statis-Water Resources of the People's Republic of China,tics 1949- 2004 (National Bureau of Statistics of China,1998- -2006); P is urban population; Ta is the total sown2005), and other related statistical data (Wang, 2006;area of different kinds of agriculture and by-productsLiu et al, 2000; Feng, 2007; Liu, 1995; Liu and He,consumed; C is the consumption of the ith agriculture1996; Liu and Chen, 2001; Water Resources and Hyand by-product per capita (the consumption of pork,dropower Planning Academy of the Water Resourcespoultry and poultry egg is first transformed into theHydropower and Electric Power Ministry, 1989; Zhang,consumption of grain); TC is the total output of the ith2009).agriculture and by-product; TAW is the total amount ofthe irrigation water; TAE is the total sown area; TFW is2.2 Calculation methodsthe total water consumption of forestry, animal hus-2.2.1 Direct water consumptionbandry and fishery, and its value is from China WaterUrban direct water consumption is the sum of urbanResources Bulletin (1997- 2005) (The Ministry of Waterindustry and domestic water consumption (before 2003,Resources of the People's Republic of China,the domestic water consumption included environment1998- -2006); a is the coefficient of indirect water con-water consumption in statitical yearbooks). And thesumption, and its value is from Zhang's research (2009).related data can be obtained and checked from national(2) Grassland water consumption. The expression ofand regional data.urban indirect grassland water consumption is as fol-2.2.2 Indirect water consumptionlows: .Based on the theory of urban basic material consump-IGW= MxTgx PxCg(2)tion and the input-output method, the calculationTCgmethod of urban indirect water consumption was pre-where IGW is indirect grassland water consumption; Tgsented. In order to calculate indirect water consumption,is the total area of grassland; Cg is mutton and beefwe need to calculate the amount of water that is con-consumption per capita; TCg is the total output of mut-sumed by all kinds of agriculture and by-products,ton and beef.which are consumed by urban household domestic life.(3) Total indirect water consumption. The expressionBased on the principle of counting convenience and dataof urban total indirect water consumption (IW) is as fol-acquirability, the paper chose the following eight kindsof products to calculate water consumption: grain,中国煤化IW(3)vegetables, eatable plant oil, pork, mutton and beef,2.2.3poultry, poultry egg, and fruit.CalcMHC N M H Gonsumption is mainlyIn the calculating process, indirect water consumptionbased on the total amount of urban carbon emission. Irwas divided into indirect agriculture and grassland water terms of the counting convenience and data acquirabilit,Urban Fresh Water Resources Consumption of China221the forest land was selected as the only factor that ab-003:sorbed carbon emission. Firstly, the area of forest land00 t3that absorbs carbon emission was counted. Secondly, the25total water consumption that was consumed by the for-201est land was counted, which was urban induced water|10出consumption.The expression of urban induced water consumptionis as follows:YearIDW= Mx(4) .- - Water consumption-0 Proportion^Cwhere IDW is induced water consumption; Tc is the totalChina, 1998 2006; National Bureau of Statistics of China, 1982 -2007;amount of urban carbon emission and its value is fromChina Agriculhure Yearbook Editorial Commission, 1981-2007; TheMinisry of Land and Resources ofP. R. C, 200-200 National Bu-Zhang's research (2009); and Cs is carbon absorbingreau of Satisicis of China, 2005; Wang, 2006; Liu et al, 200; Feng,cofficient and its value is from the research of Liu et al.2007; Liu, 1995; Liu and He, 1996; Liu and Chen, 2001; Water Re-(2000).sources and Hydropower Planning Academy of tbe Water Resources2.2.4 Total water consumptionHyropower and Elecric Power Ministry of China, 1989; Zhang, 2009Total urban water consumption is the summation of di-Fig. 1 Total urban water consumption and its proportionrect, indirect and induced water consumption. The ex-to total fresh water resources in China from 1952 to 2005pression is as follows:TWC= E(DW,IW, IDW)(5)25050where TWC is total urban water consumption; and DW50 tis direct water consumption.1501003 Results and Analyses3.1 Change in water consumption3.1.1 Total water consumption■Dircct water consumption口 Indiret water consumptionUrban fresh water consumption had being continuouslya Induced water consumptionincreasing, with slightly fluctuation in particular period,Data soures are the same as Fig. 1from 1952 to 2005. What's more, from 1995 to 2005, itFig. 2 Changes of each part of urban waterhad a trend of speedup (Fig. 1). Water consumption in-consumption in China from 1952 to 2005creased from 293.46x10'm3 in 1952 to 855.18x10'm2' in 2005, increasing 561.7x10 m'. And the propor-increasing speed was 3.7> 10 m' per year.tion of the consumption to the total national fresh waterDifferent from urban direct water consumption varia-resources increased from 10.43% in 1952 to 30.41% intion, indirect water consumption had a characteristic of2005, icreasing about 20 percentnge points. The pres fuctation,n and water consumption had only a ltle in-sure of cities on the fresh water resources was con-crease(Fig. 2). Based on the different changing charac-stantly increasing in China.teristic, the whole process was divided into two phases:3.1.2 Water consumption for each component1) Fluctuating and stasis phase in 1952- -1995. In thisUrban direct water consumption had increased about 30period, water consumption fluctuated regularly, but thetimes from 1952 (4.90x 10'm) to 2005 (145.25> 102m)extent was small. And it maintained about 280x 10'm'.(Fig. 2). Based on the speed changes, the whole process2) Fa"“2005. Urban indiretwas divided into two phases: 1) Slow increasing phase in1952- -1980. Urban direct water consumption increasedwater中国煤化工10x10m' in tenyears.:TYHCNMHG47.60x. 10'm, and increasing speed was only 1.7x10'm'Urban induced water consumption had been continu-per year. 2) Fast increasing phase in 1980- -2005. In this ously increasing since 1952 (Fig. 2). And the inducedperiod, water consumption increased 92.70x10'm', and water consumption increased about 100 times from222ZHU Peng, LU Chunxia, ZHANG Lei et al.1952 (3.12x10'm) to 2005 (310.00x 109m). The annualculture water consumption has a strong relationship withincreasing rate reached 90.6% due to the rapid increase urban grain consumption. With the rapid increase ofof urban energy consumption.urban grain consumption, the corresponding agriculturewater consumption also increased very quickly.3.2 Change in water consumption structureThe proportion of urban indirect water consumption was40the biggest among the three components in the study35y=2E-07>*+0.0083x+143.8period (Fig. 3). However, as far as changing characteris-tic was concerned, the proportion of urban indirect wa-R'-0.9728 ;? 250ter consumption had a trend of decrease, and its propor-%。。。tion was even under 50% in 2005 (it ever reached as200omuch as 97% in 1952). From 1952 to 2005, the propor-15tion of urban indirect water consumption decreased by10about 50 percentage points. While the proportions of30 100 120 140 160 180 200Grain consumption (x 10't)direct and induced water consumption had a trend ofincrease (with an exception of particular period), andData soures are the sarme as Fig. 1they increased 15 and 35 percentage points separatelyFig. 4 Correlation between urban grain consumptionfrom 1952 to 2005. The increase speed of induced waterand indirect agriculural water consumption (IAW)consumption was more rapid.Indirect grassland water consumption also has astrong relationship with urban beef and mutton con-8(sumption (Fig. 5). Different from the changing trend ofindirect agriculture water consumption, the indirectgrassland water consumption has a trend of fast decreasewith the increase of urban beef and mutton consumption.2(And this shows that the bearing ability of grassland im-proved remarkably.Year150o Direct water consumption D Indireet water consumption■Induced water consumption130|。°∞:Data sources are the same as Fig. 1110y-0.003x2-1.1059x+146.44Fig. 3 Evolvement of urban water consumptionR*-0.8386structure in China from 1952 to 2005e 703.3 Causes of change in water consumption30As mentioned above, the amount of indirect and induced020 40 6080100120140160180water holds the majority of urban total water consump-Beef and mutton consumption (x10't)tion. So we can expound the causes of urban water con-Data sources are the same as Fig.1sumption change by analyzing the causes that influencesFig. 5 Correlation between urban beef and mutton consumptionurban indirect and induced water consumption.and indirect grassland water consumption (IGW)3.3.1 Indirect water consumptionUrban indirect water consumption is divided into urban3.3.2 Induced water consumptionindirect agriculture and grassland water consumption.Indu中国煤化工strong relationshipOn account of the majority of indirect agriculture water withBrita (Fig. 6). With theconsumption being consumed by indirect grain land, therapidfMHC NM H Gss per capia, in-paper made correlation analysis between the amounts ofduced water consumption increased very quickly. Theurban grain consumption and indirect agriculture waterast increase of urban energy consumption, especiallyconsumption. From Fig. 4 we can see that indirect agri-coal consumption resulted in the consequence.Urban Fresh Water Resources Consumption of China223In order to deal with the severe state of rapid increase30y-7.1227x-10.371x+10.233in urban water consumption and realize the sustainable合250200R*-0.9689utilization of urban fresh water resources, we have totake the following measures. Firstly, we have to strictly日100control water pollution and protect water environment.s(Secondly, we should increase agriculture investment and.5.5 4.5 5.6.5 7.5improve agriculture productivity and water consumptionCarbon emision per capita (U/person)utilization efficiency (Enrique and Luciano, 2006). Atthe same time, we should improve grassland productiv-public of China, 1998- 2006; National Bureau of Staristies ofity by increasing the artificial grassland proportion (LiuChina, 1982 2007; National Bureau of Stistis of China, 2005;and Xiu, 2007). 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