The coordinated development of China＇ s inland water transport

The coordinated development of China' sinland water transportDeng Aimin', Tian Feng 1，2，Haasis H.-D. 2,3, Mao Lang 1,2, Cai Jial',2(1. Bussiness School, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China;2. Sino-German Research Center for Transportation and Logistics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China;3. Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics, Bremen 28359, Germany)Abstract: The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development and the hot issue of intermationalresearch. Inland water transport (IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensivetransport system under socio-economic context of river basin , and also the country' s sustainable development prioritiesto achieve resource- conserving and environment friendly strategy. Based on the coordinated development content, thepaper combined Germany’S sucessful development experience, explored the clements and problem of the coordinateddevelopment of IWT system of China' 8 national economic strategy and basin economy, water resourse system, compre-hensive transpot sytem, and system itself, and their countermeasures and sugstions , in order to fciliate rapid andcoordinated development of China' 8 inland water transport.Key words: inland water transport; basin society and economy ; water comprehensive use ; comprehensive transport;coordinated development1 Introductionindispensable part of basin economy. There are manylakes and rivers in China; the Yangtze River, the PearlThe coordinated development is an important con-River, and Songliao IWT systems and the Beijing-tent of the scientific development view, which is theHangzhou Grand Canal are all in wide range of rivermost basic method to realize the sustainable develop-basin. IWT plays a role in economic lifeline in thement, and is also the hot topic for the academic andancient times.However, China' s current IWT coordi-government circles to discuss and research. Coordina-nation development faces many problems, such as thetion is involved throughout the whole process of deve-balance between land transport and IWT, ocean ship-lopment, and penetrates all aspects of development.ping and JWT, water irrigation and IWT， hydropowerOnlydevelopment accompany coordinating and and IWT, which lead to the river flow cutoff and navi-harmonious can implement a healthy and orderly, higlgation truncation. IWT becomes insignificant in com-quality，highly effective, comprehensive and lastingprehensive transportation system and water resourcesdevelopment. The coordinated development is the basicdevelopment. It is inadequate for the coordinatedthought method and working method of realizing thedevelopment of rivers and ocean direct transport. Indevelopment, and it is the inevitable requirement tocontrast, China's IWT development has a large gapimplement the scientific development view. The coordi-compared with the advanced world level. In 2008, thenated development is not the general work method, butproportions of voyageable rivers mileage of IWT in Chi-the fundamental work ideas. Microcosm needs coordi-na and Germany are respectively 28. 6 % andnation，and macrocosm needs more coordination;58.8 %; the weight of kiloton and above of waterwaysingle work needs coordination, and the comprehensiveare 7.18 % and 75 % ;IWT turnover of the total turm-work needs more coordination; the local needs coordi-over are8 % and20 % [351.Regional logistics showsnation , and the global needs more coordination 01,21.that because railway transport capacity is tight, a largeInland water transport (IWT) has the advantages ;mumber of freight logistics for JWT are completed byof big capacity, low price, less land occupation, lowroad transport, which leads to regional logistics costsenergy, less pollution, and so on. IWT is the impor-and reduces regional economic competitiveness. Traf-tant component of both comprehensive transport systemfic, environmental pollution, the ecological unbalance,and water resources management system, and it is an energy中国煤化工are also importantReeived 23 April 2012THCNMH G .)0 Engineering Sciences.inducing factors [35-8!. Since 2011, the State Couneilof the total amount, and for the environment protectionhas issued the document about speeding up the reformcost in transportation of every hundred ton in 1 km, theof water conservancy development decision ( Nationalratio of the water transportation, the railroad, the roadDevelopment [2011] No. 1) ,the comments on speed-is 1:3: 12. In our country, the turnover rate of IWT ising up the Yangtze River transportation developmentraised by 1 %，which means the turnover volume of( National Development [2011] No. 2). So the re-inland waterway transport increases 6 billion ~ 8 billionsearch about IWT coordination development has impor-t●km;as a result, the cost of transport can be savedtant strategic significance for our country to build aabout 3 billion ~4 billion RMB, and the cost of envi-modern comprehensive transportation system， to imronment protection can be reduced by 10 %prove the level of water comprehensive utilization, pro-Moreover, it can reduce road congestion， conservemote energy conservation and emission reduction, ad-energy, land and so on. Vigorous development of IWTjust and optimize the river area along the industry layout, and promote river basin economic and ecologicalresource-saving and environment-friendly society, andsustainable development.it is very conducive to the sustainable development ofIWT coordination development involves 4 aspectsnational economyof the coordinated development: first， to be2.2 The development of IWT is conducive to thecoordinated with the national strategy， basin and sus-sustainable basin economytainable economic development ; second, to be coordi-The basin is a water catchment area of the river,nated with the other four patterns of comprehensiveand the basin economy is a regional economy which re-transportation including highway， railway, aviation,gards the basin as the geography boundary. The sus-pipe; third, to be coordinated with the comprehensivetainable basin economy refers to using water resourceutilization of water resources including flood control ,which satisfies present generation’ s survival and lifepower generation， irrigation， water supply function ;needs, seeking a development path which is not harm-fourth, to be coordinated with the self system’s chan-ful to the survival and the developrment of the descen-nels， ports， ships,information security supportdant，thus can form a long-term , economic, environ-system，shipping companies and professionals. Thisment protection and resources-saving situation.paper' s analysis is from the above four aspects of IWTThe development of IWT is a necessity of sustain-coordination development.able basin economy. The basin water channels and port2 Study on the coordination of IWT andbuilding conform to the basin point-axis mode of eco-nomic growth, and is a typical basin economic develop-national strategies and the basinment mode all over the world. For example, the RhineeconomyRiver basin makes comprehensive use of water2.1 The development of IWT lines with the two-resources，and builds a convenient river navigationoriented social and national strategies forsystem. Under the circumstances of convenient watersustainable developmenttransport network and local coal resources, it imports aAccording to the statistical analysis, in terms oflarge iron ore and other mineral resources to developthe power consumption, the ratio of unit energy con-steel and machinery industry，also the coal and chemi-sumption among the water transportation ，the railwaycal industry , which forms the famous Ruhr industrialand the highway is approximately 1: 3:9; in terms ofarea. Meanwhile， the integrated development of thethe area, a land area of more than 2 hm' needs to con-river-intensive industry improves the maritime econo-struct 1 km multiple track railroad; a land area ofmy. However, many Chinese river basins，discarded6.665 ~8 hm2 need to construct 1 km 4-lane highway.natural water-shipping resources, and sacrificed lots ofNatural river water transportation ( except for thelands to build a substantial number of roads and rails ,canal) almost has no need to construct new land; inthus brings higher cost, more land and energy utiliza-terms of the transportation volume, the volume of ation and more emissions， which is an unbalanced3 000 DWT cargo ship is equivalent to a train withdevelopment of socio-economic and environmental50 carriages, and to a hundred of 30 DWT cars asresourceswell ; the transport capacity of the Rhine in Germany ，2.3 The coordination of IWT and basin economyor Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province amounts to theneed to s;中国煤化工carrying capacity of 4 ~6 section highway or railway ;Basin econoe structurein terms of environment protection , the pollutants emis-of the optimizatioYHCNMHGerentcom-sion into the atmosphere account for 50 % ~60 %positions of resource-intensive ，technology-intensive ,Vol. 10 No.5,Oct. 2012 91capital-intensive industries determine the differentof construction, ecology and life system and taking fullrequirements of cost and speed in freight logistics. Inconsideration of economie development for watergeneral, the resource-intensive industries choose econ-needs,，the substance of comprehensive utilization ofomies of scale transport, and IWT system should beinland river water transportation and the waterdeveloped in the basin but not roads and rails. Conresources is a certain quantity and structure of waterstructing roads along the river should not be advocated;resources to realize the overall value maximization andit leads to the unnecessary transport competition, asustainable development. IWT and the water resourceslarge waste of land resources and the external dis-management coordination not only involves IWT, theeconomy under the road and rail transport. Theproduction system， the life system and environmentGermany government values IWT development，throughsystem, but also involves the balance of water usingadditional taxes for the road transport and tax cuts forneeds among areas as well as the environment protec-water transport, and thus leads to the integrated trans-tion, flood prevention, irrigation ，shipping, hydraulicport structure optimization from which the country andelectro generating, fishery and the related departmentpeople benefits'coordination'921. Therefore, it must coordinate theThe central and western regions in China is rich inrelationship between IWT development and the waterwater system and is resource-intensive , so synchroniza-resources management from the system structure, thetion development is conducive to the sustainable basinregion space and the management structure in a multi-economy. Many areas and departments lack theple perspectives and comprehensive way.knowledge of the advantages and potential of IWT inThe interaction of the comprehensive utilizationthe economic and social development. As the inlandbetween IWT and water resources renders 4 kinds ofwaterway is a public service infrastructure which main-basic mode: mode I is the most ideal of coordinationly benefits socially, and the recessive performance isdevelopment mode, i. e. the water resources are rea-not obvious, the govemment pays attention to roads in-sonably utilized and IWT are also developed; mode IIstead of the inland waterway construction, and evenis water resources distribution in production system ,abandons the inland waterway, which leads to inade-life system, and the environment system is reasonable ,quate proportion in the integrated transport system. Sobut is not attentive to the inland waterway developmentit influence the development of IWT infrastructure, andwhich brings statistical， social and environmentcannot adapt to the watershed economic needs' 3-”benefit; mode I is the most undesirable developmentOf course, if it is a technology -intensive ormode, which does not balance the interests among thecapital-intensive industry which is in pursuit of speedwater resources related subsystems and IWT has notand delivery date, using the railroad, the road, andbeen developed; mode IV represents good developmenteven the air is regarded as reasonable.in inland waterway transport, but it does not focus onthe comprehensive utilization of water resources alloca-3 Study on the coordination of IWT andtion and coordination between the subsystems ，whichcomprehensive water resourcesimposes a negative impact on the economic, social,utilization systemand the environment, and has been replaced by other3.1 The content and form of IWT and watermodes gradually.resources utilization coordination3.2 The development of China's IWT lacksThe comprehensive utilization of water resourcescoordination in water resources systemneeds harmony among water resources protection, floodThe utilization and management of water resourcescontrol，irrigation， navigation, water supply， hydro-in China also has made remarkable achievements, butpower，fisheries and other aspects in down andthe development of IWT in water resources system doesupstream，left and right bank， main and tributarynot coordinate and it reflects in the following two as-strearm and the administrative departments with appro-pects. First, being lack of adequate understanding ofpriate coordination"eWater in today' s society isthe water resource and its function of IWT. Ministry ofconsidered to be the economic lifeline. The waterWater Conservancy exercises the exploitation anresources utilization determines to a large extent whe-management of river water resources in China' s riversther the quantity and quality of regional water resourcesand lakes，and the function of water conservaney suchcan meet the regional development needs or not. So theas flood prevention， water logging prevention, irriga-comprehensive utilization of water resources is strategi-tion has中国煤化工concem to， but thecally important.functionYH.CN M H Ghe Tarf TransportGiven the condition of satisfying the water needsDepartment 1s always ugnureu. u as to many reasons ，92 Engineering Sciences.the utilization rate of water resources does not exceedfishing，tourism and entertainment， south-to-north10 %, and it is difficult to guarantee the depth of ship-water transfer and so on, and IWT subsystem developsping channel. In navigation river, more than 1 300greatly. That is an excellent experience for us to leamsluices and dams have been built which can hinderfrom.navigation exceeding 40 000 km, occupying33.6 % ofSecond , complete the system of law. Developmentnational river navigation mileage. Second, the systemof Germany IWT can not be seperated from the ship-of law is imperfect. Our country is lack of the law ofping regulations and policies developed by the EU oninland water resources protection, especially the law ofthe reunification of standardization of the shipping mar-waterway. As a result, a lot of water conservancy anket, and the domestic navigation laws such as the Lavhydropower projects pay no attention to the synchronousof Federal Waterway, the Law of Federal Channel andconstruction of navigation facilities， and even somehe Law of Inland Shipping， which are effectivenavigation channels may suspend shipping. In someguarantee of construction and operation of inland ship-localities，people develop the water resourcesping. The development of IWT in China needs to con-abnomally，and they do not adopt the opinion ofstantly improve the modification and introduction of rel-administration and don' t follow the navigation rules ，evant legal policies, especially the Law of Channel,which do great harn to the navigation channel. Third ，which is significant to the coordination of waterwater resource is used unreasonably. IWT is one of thresources development and the protection of shippingfunctions of water resources utilization which has beenresources.neglected for a long time. Channel and depth neededThird, develop scientifically. The philosophy ofby IWT is the premise and safeguard of its develop-development and management of water resources iment. The uneven time and spatial distribution of waterGermany rflects the coordination and optimization ofresources , confiction among the coordinated develop-the multi-objective system, namely constructing a set ofment of IWT and flood control, water logging control,conservancy project， ecological environment protec-irrigation，water supply, hydroelectric power, fisherytion，navigation， flood control, water supply, powerand so on, lead to the rainwater flowing into the sea ingeneration, tourism, vacation and leisure, and on theabundant water period in order to prevent flood, andpremise of emphasizing the water environment， thethe bare riverbed and low utilization rate of water reGermany govemment put the shipping ahead of floodsources in the dry season to guarantee irrigation , watercontrol , water supply, power generation, and attachessupply and hydropower. Inland waterway can be influ-great importance to the water environment,enced seriously by season5-8 .to guarantee the shipping water and bear the fruit of3.3 Countermeasures to coordinate the developmentcomprehensive water resources development of floodof IWT and the use of water resourcescontrol，water supply， power generation， tourism ,in Chinavacation and leisure .Learning from the experience of Germany, the co-4 Study on the coordinated development ofordinated development of IWT and water use in China。[5-8]IWT and integrated transport systemcan be realized in the following aspectsFirst，coordinate the function of management.4. 1 Character of the coordinated development ofMinistry of Water Resources，the Department of Trans-integrated transport systemportation，the Department of the Environment are theIntegrated transport system includes five majorgovernment departments related to water resources.modes of transportation: road， rail， air, river andThe integrity of their management functions can bepipeline. Systems theory is that the perfection of threalized through the establishment and effectiveoverall function of the system depends on strengtheningfunctioning of coordination agency of the related gov-and coordinating of subsystem function, and subsystememment departments. Based on the environment pro-function coordination and consistency make the overalltection policy, Germany gives priority to the develop-system function better, so that the function of the over-ment of IWT besides flood control, irrigation， waterall system is greater than the algebraic addition of sub-supply, and good coordination mechanism is formed insystem function. Therefore， the overall function ofthe management of water resources among governmentintegrated transport systems requires matches of variousdepartments，which develops and manages watertransport modes ,effective-中国煤化工resources systems and subsystems effectively, such asness of the intIntegratedthe water environment, navigation, floods control, wa-transport system:YHCNMHGwaterandter log control ，irrigation, water supply, hydropower,land transport ，multimodal transport, seamless connec-Vol. 10 No. 5,0ct.2012 93.tion, cluster of transport and logistics industry, low“water transport when suitable， and land transportcost on transport logistics, high efficiency, good bene-when suitable ”，enhances inland navigation subsystemfit， the effective promotion on social economy infunctions, and forms the river transport network whichregional watershed, and at the same time good opera-cluster connected main stream and tributaries， river-tion of integrated transport system in terms of a goodsea direct and port logistics. In this way, we can effec-ecological environment [22,231.tively enhance hardware protection on the proportion4.2 Incoordination of IWT in integratedstructures of IWT.transport system in ChinaThirdly，strengthen input. At present， IWTWith the reform and opening-up for nearly 30accounts for 1 % ~2 % of traffic investment in China,years, the development of national traffie strategieswhile6 % ~7 % in Germany. If we do not attachhave aroused worldwide attention， but as a subsystemgreat importance to scientific planning, there will be noof integrated transport system IWT is not coordinatedvalid input and high level achievement. Most IWTwith development of other systems in the following threeremains in a natural state in China with low grade andaspects. First, China is short of infrastructure of inlandpoor navigation capacity; inland ports primarily act aswaterway channels， which weakens or even hinderssmall and medium-sized piers. Backward technologyshipping function; inland waterway channels are diffi-and low mechanized loading and unloading berths stillcult to implement multimodal transport of rail, riveraccount for a considerable proportion. That makesand road. Multimodal transport by rail and water trans-waterway freight to be lost continuously and IWT func-port, road and water transport accounts for small per-tions can not to be operated effectively. To increase in-centage. For example， Germany is about 60 % ~vestment from govermnment in IWT is key to achieve co~70 % while China is about 20 %. Due to the inade-ordinates development of IWT.quate rail transport capacity， single road transport isStudy on coordinated development ofmore often used. Second, port infrastructure is serious-IWT system itselfly lacked, and multimodal transport and logistics certre in terms of port hub cannot be effectively operated.5.1 Coordinated development of IWT systemThird, IWT in China accounts for quite small propor-itself in Chinations in integrated transport system. For example,The coordinated development of inland waterwaythere is rich water resources in Hunan Province, but itstransport system itself involves lakes， rivers and itsproportion is less than 10 % ( maximum up to 80 % ) ,tributaries waterway， ports， shipping， security ancompared with 20 % ~ 25 % in United States andharmonious construction of information system. IWTGermany. Low logistics cost and industrial clustercoordinates development between supply and demandrequired in actual resource-based watershed industryin the market, and the employees, laws and regula-cannot be effectively made , which also influences eco-tions of IWT. In China, coordinated development ofnomic development in watershed 158) .[WT is relatively poor in these areas' 3.8↓4.3 Coordinated development strategy on IWT ofFirst, waterway is long in watershed, but when inthe integrated transport system in Chinalow grade and not in a net, shipping foundation condi-There are three major reasons about stagnated de-tions are insufficient. Second, ports are enough, but invelopment of IWT in China: firstly, govermment func-small scale， the handling facilities are inefficient.tional departments do not pay adequate attention tThird，due to the insufficient channels and ports, aver-IWT; secondly，integrated transport planning attachesage shipping capacity by ton is small and ship types arelittle importance to IWT; thirdly ，the constructions ofhybrid. Fourth , shipping security protection supportingIWT are insufficient. Therefore, coordinated develop-system in watershed is in a low grade with limitedment of IWT should be focused on the following fieldspopularity. Fifth, integrated sharing of shipping infor-in China 3222.mation system function is insufficient in watershed, andFirst, high priority. Development of IWT is putinformation is not clear. Sixth, the shipping market isinto economic development strategy in the watersheddeficient，lacking of potential demand and effectiveand the country. Government functional departmentssupplies scale without high efficiency in watershed.should recognize that the development of IWT is indis-Seventh, human resource is scarce on shipping logis-pensable in terms of coordinated development of inte-tics， govermment and enterprises. Eighth, shippinggrated transport.investme中国煤化工:s not benefit in wa-Second, scientific plans. Integrated transport sys-tershed,YH. CNMHGy is les than 1/50tem, following the principles of watershed economyinvestment n ngnway Ior 3u years since reform and94 Engineering Sciencesopening up.and bond funds for construction of IWT; b. boost5.2 The coordinated development countermeasuressocial funds actively , from shipping enterprises at homeof IWT system in Chinaand abroad and mines enterprises alongside the river;The measures taken to develop: IWT logisticsC. explore how to raise funds by highway and waterwayvigorously by government in Germany are as follows.construction project， port channel project， shippingFirst，increase investment to water transportation infra-enterprises’fixed assets， government financial fundsstructure, strengthen the waterway, and improve navi-and some other methods of guarantee loans; d. investgation capabilities. Second , increase investment to portin channel development and construction with waterlogistics center， attract domestic and foreign greatconservancy construction funds; e. establish policies tostrength of third-party logistics company to settle in portspeed up transportation capacity, transport and adjust-logistics center through preferential policies. Third ,ment on enterprise' s organizational structure, “ waterencourage reform of the worn and old ship to promoteish'”policies to encourage development; f. build poli-producing large ship. Fourth, exempt from inlandcies to promote the rational division of labor of thewater shipping fuel tax by economic and administrativeport , plan and construction of port logistics park and someans , and impose highway tolls on truck to shunt roadforth.freight and railway.Fifth，implement multimodalFourth, step up logistics human resource con-transport of river, road and door to door service of mul-struction of IWT. With various levels of education ，timodal delivery. Sixth, strengthen the construction oftechnical and skilled personnel of IWT are trained forinformation systems， and bringabout informationthe government and enterprises.sharing for members of the supply chain and integrated6 Conclusionlogistics solutions (3.58.181.Through analysis of successful experience inThe developental goals of IWT in China is withinGermany, coordinated development of inland waterway10 years, to complete smooth, efficient， safe， andtransport in China could be accormplished in the follow-green modern inland waterway system， build a moreing ways.comprehensive modern IWT safety and rescue system，First， increase investment construction of IWTincrease transport efficiency and energy-saving emis-infrastructure planning. a. plan investment in highsion significantly，take full advantage of water transportgrade network construction in watershed channel, andmerits and potential, increase and promote economicmake use of mass investment to build dam which resistsdevelopment remarkably. Speed up coordinated devel-airlines in the navigation river to improve shipping con-opment construction of inland waterway, which is con-ditions in watershed; b. invest in the construction ofducive to realize the target of IWT development. It isports and logistics center, and implement functionalnecessary to increase investment to construction ofscale benefit; c. implement ship classifcation stand-inland waterway channel by making overall plans con-ardization and series, and improve IWT effectiveness; .nected with social economic in watershed and usingd. enhance shipping support in watershed， protectwater resources，integrated transport and the system it-systematic investment construction and promote ship-self coordinated development. What' s more, increaseping security development.investment in channel construction and utilize technolo-Second, increase construction of IWT on mecha-gy progress, information and legal construction to fur-nization, information and professionalization. a. realizether improve management and service level and gradu-mechanization and labor-saving in the process of trans-ally form modern inland waterway system to adapt toportation， storage, loading and unloading, handlingwatershed economy.and so forth in watershed shipping gradually; b. realizeinformation platform for sharing and real-time serviceReferencesmanagement in shipping supply chain members gradu-[1] Propaganda Department of the Central Comittee of the Communistally; C. realize mass customization of customer serviceParty. Scientifie outlook on development [ M ]. Beijing: LeamingPress ,2008.solutions, low service cost and the professional level of2] Wang Weiguo. 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Inegrated modeling of information[14] Odum H T. Environmental Accounting Energy and Environmentaland physical flows in transportation systems [J]. TransportationDecision Making [ M]. New York :John Wiley & Sons , 1996.Research, Part C: Emenging Technologies , 2002,14(2): 139-[15] Qin Liyun. Study on sytem optimization of envionmental econo-156.my and water resources in Basin[J]. Water Saving Imigation,[27] Michael W Babcock, Lu Xiaohua. Forecasting inland waterway2007(3) 4449.grain traffie[ J] . Transportation Research, Part E: Logistics and16] Zhang Lubiao, Liu Wenkai. Judgement of coordinated develop-Transportation Review, 2002 ,38(1) :65-74.ment of ecological and economic[J]. Ecological Economy , 1992AuthorDeng Aimin, female, was born in 1964 in Hunan Province. Now she is a professor of Business School ofHunan University/ Director of Sino-German Institution of Transportation & Logistics of Hunan University. She spe-cializes in logistics transportation layout & optimization. She can reached by E-mail : aimindeng@ 126. comFoundation item :German BMBF( No. APR10/810) ; Hunan Social Science Fund key Project( No.12ZDB04) ;Inno-vation Group Foundation of China Education Department( No. IRT0916) ; International Project in Hunan Province( No.2010WK3041 )中国煤化工MHCNMH G96 Engineering Sciences.