Microstructure and Phase Behavior of Cationic Gemini/Anionic Polyelectrolyte/Water Ternary System

第6卷第2期过程工程学报Vol.6 No.22006年4月The Chinese Jourmal of Process EngineeringApr. 2006Microstructure and Phase Behavior of Cationic Gemini/AnionicPolyelectrolyte/Water Ternary SystemPI Ying ying(皮瑛瑛), SHANG Ya -zhu0(尚亚卓), PENG Chang-jun(彭昌军), LIU Hong-lai(刘洪来)(Dept. Chemistry and State Key Lab. Chem. Eng., East China Unix Sci. & Technol, Shanghai 200237, China)Abstracts: The microstructure of cationic gemini surfactant 1,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) hexane dibromide[C12H2s(CH3)N-(CH2)-N(CH3)2Cn2Hzs2Br] (12- 6-12:2B门) and oppositely charged polyelectrolyte poly(acrylic acid,sodium salt) (NaPA) in aqueous solution has been studied by using fluorescence, conductivity measurement, freeze-etchingand TEM. The data obtained from fluorescence and conductivity measurement show that miclle-like or complex can formbetween the gemini surfactant (12- 6 -12-2Br ) and polyelectrolyte NaPA due to the static electric interaction and hydrophobicforces. Through freeze etching and TEM, the microstructure of the mixture solution has been studied, which is consistent withthe result from micropolarity. Comparing the fluorescence spectrum of system of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide(DTAB) and NaPA with that of system of gemini surfactant (12- 6-12:2Br ) and NaPA, it can be found that the interactionbetween gemini surfactant (12- 6-12-2Br ) and NaPA is stronger than that between DTAB and NaPA. And the phase behaviorof (12- 6-12-2Br ) and NaPA in aqueous solution has also been detected. It can be shown that the precipitate will transforminto gel in higher NaPA concentration.Key words: gemini surfactant; polyelectrolyte; molecular interaction; micropolarity; micelleCLC No: 0647.2Document Code: AArticle ID: 1009- 606X(2006)02- -0296 -061 INTRODUCTIONthan the critical micellization concentration of freesurfactant, and surfactants form micelle or micelle-likeThe interaction between the ionic surfactant andabsorbed onto the chains of polyelectrolyte7. Theoppositely charged polyelectrolyte has received muchpolyelectrolytes participate in the aggregate, and thenattention because of the special properties of thedecrease the repulsion forces between ionic heads ofcomplex system in biology, chemistry and oil-recovery,surfactants. So the polyelectrolyte -induced micelles areetc. The interaction between polyelectrolyte anstabler-19.In the research of aggregation ofsurfactant can cause the formation of complex-micellealkyltrimethyl- ammonium surfactants and polywhich can be deduced from the marked changes(styrenesulfonate), Almgrem et a1.14 found that theobserved in many properties of the solution by using aaggregation number did not change with increasingvariety of techniques such as dye solubilizatesl ansurfactant concentration; instead, more aggregatessurface tension'， SANS4 (small angle neutronformed at each polyelectrolyte chain. Only a restrictedscattering),NMR5.6],bindingisotherm17.8,number of aggregates could be formed at each chain.rheologyl9.1o) and fluorescencel:11-15] methods. And itThe aggregates were more densely packed than normalcan be found that the pHu5, salt, hydrocarbon chainmicelles. The strong interaction may also lead to phaselength of surfactantS， temperaturel， and theseparation finally at certain polyelectrolyte/surfactant[16]concentration'and chainflexibility' 10 of ratlo. In bottom polyelectrolyte concentration, thepolyelectrolyte play an important role. The strongprecipitate appears. Butwhenpolyelectrolyteassociation of the surfactant and polymer is attributed toconcentration reaches a certain value, two clearthe mutual action of electrostatic and hydrophobicisotropic phases will form. The supernatant phases haveforces between surfactants and polyelectrolytes and thatviscosity close to that of pure water, while the bottombetween the hydrocarbon chains of bound surfactants.phases are highly viscous and gliel18.9.Due to the strong electrostatic attraction between ionicAs a new family of amphiphilic molecules, geminisurfactant and oppositely charged polyelectrolyte, thesurfad中国煤化工atention because ofinteraction starts already at a very low surfactanttheir|YHCNMHGni isdefined as aconcentration, usually a few orders of magnitude lowersurfacant mae up oT [WO ndentical amphiphilicReceived date: 2005- -10-11; Acepted date: 2005-12 07Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20236010, 20476025); Doctoral Research Foundation No.20050251004)Diograpby: PI Ying-ying(1982-), female, Qianjiang County, Hubei Province, Ph.D. student, research in physical chemistry of surfactant solution.第2期PI Ying ying, et al: Microstucture and Phase Behavior of Cationic Gemini SuractanVAnionic Polyelectrolyte/Water Temary System 297moieties connected by a space group at the level of heademission spectrum of pyrene of solutions has five peaks,groups or at the level of the alkyl chains close to the373, 379, 384, 390 and 397 nm (see Fig.l). The ratiohead groupsho. It has been shown that, compared withbetween the intensties of peaks 375 and 385 nm of thecorrespondingmonomericsurfactants,geminiemission spectrum of pyrene is sensitive to the polaritysurfactants have much lower values of CMC (Criticalof local environment, which was used to evaluate thMicelle Concentration) and stronger surface activitypolarity of local environment46-28lbecause of their peculiar molecular structure. Moreover,Samples for fluorescence measurements werethey appear to have better solubilizing, wetting, foaming made by mixing soaking solution of pyrene with theand lime-soap dispersing properties.surfactant and polyelectolyte solution. And the samplesCompared with the conventional monoquaternarywere allowed to stand for 3 d to be equilibrated. Theammonium counterpart, the interactions between geminipyrene stock solution was made by dissolving pyrene insurfactant and polyelectrolyte are less understood. Onlylot water to saturation, and cooling it to roomrecently there had been a few such experimental studies,temperature (25 °C), and fitering; the concentration ofnotably by Pisarcik et al2”239. They investigated thepyrene in the solution was determined to be 6.53x10-7properties of cationic gemini surfactant with sodiummol/L20. Emission spectra (AEx -335 nm) of pyrene ofhyaluronate (NaHy) using different techniquessolutions were recorded with RF-5301.including viscosity and surface tension measurement,and static and dynamic light scattering. Their results60showed a nonlinear behavior of viscosity, a decrease in、5surface tension and an increase in the molecular weightand aggregate size with increasing surfactant，40WW\concentration. In this study, it is found that geminisurfactant (12- -6- 12.2Br ) can bind with polyelectrolyte曾20NaPA to form micelle-like substance as traditionalsurfactant. And the fluorescence probe method and10conductivity have been used to study this system. Thfluorescence probe method is applied to determine th360380400420 440micropolarity of solution of cationic gemini surfactanta (nm)(12- 6-12-2Br ) and anionic polyelectrolyte polyFig.1 Typical fluorescence spectrum of gemini (12-6-12.2Br )/(acrylic acid sodium) (NaPA) that can estimate theNaPA solution at 298.15 Kformation of aggregate of surfactant. Simultancouslyfrom the micropolarity change, we can deduce thConductivity. The electrical conductivity ofmicrostructure of solution. Conductivity measurementsolutions, K, was measured with DDS-307 conductivityand TEM photo of samples prepared by freeze- etchingmeter in a water-thermostat cell holder at 25 C.techniquel24] confirm the results from the fluorescenceMicrostructure. Samples for electron microscopyprobe method. At the same time, the phase behavior ofwere prepared by freeze-etching (Balzers BAF-400D,(12- 6 -12-2Br ) and NaPA in aqueous solution has beenLiechtenstein). The microstructures of solution werestudied. It can be shown that the precipitate willobtained by a transmission electron microscopetransform into gel in higher NaPA concentration.(JEM-100CX, Japan).2 EXPERIMENTALPhase diagram. First the solutions of 0.28 mol/Lgemini (12- -6-12:2Br) and 0.041 molL NaPA were2.1 Materialsprepared. Then the two solutions were combined withl,6-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) hexanedibrom-water at different molar ratios into test tubes, shookide [C12H2s(CH3)2N-(CH2)6 -N(CH3)2C2Hzs-2Br] (12-adequately and immersed in a temperature-controlled6-12:2Br ) was prepared in this laboratory-s!.bath at (303+1) K for 7 d. Samples were withdrawn toPoly(arylic acid, sodium salt) (NaPA) (pure, Mw =5 100)determine the ternary phase diagram.is supplied by Aldrich. No further treatment was made.3中国煤化IJSSIONDeionized water was treated with KMnO4 andreditilld. The surface tension is 71.81 mN/m and3.11TYHCNMHGelectrical conductivity K is (1.05+0.1) puS/cm.It is well known that the ratio of the first to the2.2 Methods :third vibronic peaks I[/I3 in the fluorescence spectrum ofFluorescence emission spectroscopy. Typicalpyrene is sensitive to the polarity of environment where298过程工程学报第6卷pyrene is located. So changes of I1/I3 ratio reflect thesolution increases because of decreasing surfactant andformation of the micelles and aggregates. Fig.2 is thepolyelectrolyte in solution. The maximum ratio of I/Ivariation of I/I3 ratio with the surfactant concentrationappears near the neutralization concentration where thein the presence of 1x10+ molL NaPA. At the very lowfluorescence spectrum (Fig.4) is like that of pure water.surfactant concentration (about 1.1x10~”mol/L), geminiWith continuously increasing the concentration of thesurfactants start to form the micelle-like ontosurfactant, redissolution of the precipitate starts. Thepolyelectrolyte chains. This concentration is calledexcessive surfactants enter into the complex of thecritical aggregation concentration (CAC) which is muchsurfactant and polyelectrolyte by hydrophobic forceslower than CMC of gemini (12- 6-12:2Br).between the alkyl tails of excessive surfactants and thatof surfactants in complex, and form larger aggregates,so the complex is electrified again which brings ou1.5Gren=1x10* molL at 298.15 Kredissolution.Precipitate1.4Surtactant,1.21.1仁Gemini surfactantNaPAICACFig.3 Formation of the mielle-like6-5lgc8-Fig.2 Variation of the micropolarity of gemini (12-6-12:2Br )7-NaPA solution with the surfactant concentration298.15 K5-Below the CAC, the I/I3 ratio keeps unchanged. Itindicates that no hydrophobic microdomain has formedin the solution. Well above the CAC, the sharp decrease2of 1/I3 is observed within a narow range of surfactantconcentration, which ilustrates the onset of theoLmicelle-like formation (Fig.3). After the micelle-like360380400420440formation has been completed, the 3 keeps constanth (nm)again in a surfactant concentration range from the CACFig.4 Fluorescence spectum of gemini (12- 6-12-2Br )/NaPAto the second decrease of the curve. In thissolution in neutralizationconcentration region, pyrene has all been solubilizedwithin the alkyl tails of surfactant micelles, so theFigure 5 shows the variation of the Ihlls ratio ofmicroenvironment where pyrene is located has noDTAB/NaPA solution with the surfactant concentrationchange. The second decrease of the I/I3 ratio reviewsin the presence of 1x10- mol/L NaPA. Compared withthe second reducing micropolarity of microenvironmentFig.2, the initial value of I/I3 is 1.5, but that of DTAB isof pyrene. It shows that alkyl tails around pyrene areabout 1.7. The difference between them is caused by thearranged more tightly. The reason is that the bindingspacer of gemini surfactants. For the same ionlocations of polyelectrolytes have reached saturation,concentration，the gemini surfactants with moreand then excessive gemini surfactants cannot form newhydrocarbon chains (spacer) reduce the micropolarity ofmicelle-like but enter into the micelle-like to form largerhe solution to some extent. The CAC of DTAB isaggregates which cause the increasing density of the4.3x10- mol/L which is larger than half of CAC ofsufactant alkyl tails in the micelle-like. The directgemini (12- 6- -12:2Br) (about 1.1x10- mol/L). Itresult is the decreasing micropolarity of pyrenetinn nf the gemini surfactant withmicroenvironment.Vith continuously increasingth中国煤化工is is atributed to thesurfactant concentration, the I/l3 ratio increases sharply.spacYHC N M H GSpacers link two ionicA peak appears in the figure. In the peak region,heads, increasing the valuable electricity of the ionicpolyelectrolytes and surfactants form precipitates andheads. So it can be seen that spacers enhance thecome out from the solution phase. The micropolarity ofelectrostatic attraction between polyelectrolyte an第2期PI Ying-ying, et al: Microstucture and Phase Behavior of Cationic Gemini Surfactant/Anionic Polelctrolyte/Water Termary System 299gemini surfactant. On the other hand, spacers make thewere measured. Fig.6 shows the concentrationdistance between two amphiphilic molecules closer,dependence of conductivity in pure 12-6-12 solution.which enhances hydrophobic forces. Moreover, spacersThe kink at which the slope changes is the CMCcounteract electrostatic repulsion force between ionic(1.19x 103 mol/L).heads, increasing ability of the micelle-like formation.Figure 7 shows the concentration dependence ofconductivity in 12- 6-12.2Br /NaPAA solution. Similarto Fig.6, the curve also shows a change in slope. Its.7 FCwon=1x10* mol/L at 298.15 KCAC (1.15x105 mol/L) is two orders of magnitude1.6-lower than CMC. The kink in conductivity reveals that1.5the mobility of surfactant cations is strongly reduced三1.4-because of the electrostatic attraction of the polyanion.1.3 t.."And CAC obtained from conductivity is well consistentwith that from fluorescence method.1.2 F1.1↓CAC260-6-5Gwn=1x10 molL at 28.15 Kgc255Fig.5 Varation of the micropolarity of DTABNaPA solutionwith the surfactant concentration250From the comparison between the curves of theDTAB/NaPA and (12-6-12-2Br )NaPA, two differentshapes were found. That of the traditional surfactant is245more even. In Fig.5 only one decreasing region0.000000.000020.000040.00006(micelle-like formation) is observed. After the formationof micelle-like, even if the surfactant concentrationc (mol/L)reaches 0.1 mol/L, the micropolarity has no obviousFig.7 Variation of the conductivity of gemini (12-6 -12-2Br)/change. It is evident that there is no larger aggregateNaPA solution with the surfactant concentrationformed in the solution. Furthermore, no obvious peaknear neutralization concentration is observed in the3.3 Microstructure of the SolutionThe samples of polyelectrolyte NaPA withcurves. So it implies that the cooperation of theincreasing concentration of gemini surfactant weretraditional surfactant with polyelectrolyte is weaker.examined to identify microstructures formed as th3.2 Conductivitysurfactant was added to the polyelectrolyte solution.Another approach applied to study the aggregationBelow CAC, no structural change was observed in theof gemini surfactants in NaPA solutions is thesolution. With increasing concentration of geminimeasurement of electrical conductivity. The electricalsurfactant, different structures appeared in the solution.conductity of pure surfactant solution and the .Figure 8(a) shows the TEM images of the solutionsurfactant solutions in the presence of polyelectrolytewith surfactant concentration c;=1l.1x10→ mol/L andpolyelectrolyte concentration Cp =1x10- mol/L.Spherical aggregates have an average diameter750approximately 10 nm which is close to the diameter of600free surfactant micelles. This concentration is wellabove CAC, so this figure shows the shape 0450micelle-like. Fig.8(b) is the TEM image of solutionsurfactant concentration c5= -5x10- mol/L. The TEM300image taken from that solution indicates larger globular15struc中国煤化工:ters about 20~60 nm.TheFle is located in the0.0000.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010secorMHCNM H Gand the agegate isobviously larger than micelle-like. Here the surfactantFig.6 Variation of the conductivity of gemini (12- 6-12-2B门)forms larger micelles that meet the results fromsolution with the surfactant concentration (298.15 K)micropolarity. The binding location points of300过程工程学报第6卷polyelectrolyte have reached saturation， and thenrange where the precipitate is re-dissolved. It shows theexcessive gemini surfactant can noform newlamellar structure. The formnation of lamellar structure atmicelle-like, but enter into the micelle-like to formthis low concentration is surprising. One has to assumelarger aggregates. Fig.8(c) shows the TEM image of thethat sufficiently densely packed surfactant moleculessolution with surfactant concentration c=7.3x10 2with enough contrast are needed to make thesemol/L. This concentration is located in the concentrationstructures visible by TEM.(a()c=1.1x10* mol/L()c=Sx10-3 mol/L(C)c=7.3x102 mol/LFig.8 TEM photos for the solutions with 1x10-4 mol/L NaPA and diferent surfactant concentrations prepared by freeze etching technique3.4 Phase Behaviortherefore more screened at a high NaPA concentration,Figure 9 shows the phase diagram of geminiand a less dense concentrated phase results.(12- -6-12-2Br )/NaPA/H2O. From right to left of the9100phase diagram, the precipitate region, P+L, appearsfirstly, which extends to very low surfactantconcentrations close to the NaPA- water axis. Most ofP+L95the precipitate region is located in the water-rich comer.At lower NaPA cencentrations, the white precipitate is10G(bottom)+L9in equilibrium with the clear solution in a two-phaseregion, when NaPA concentration increases, the15/'G+L+P35three- phase region P+G+L appears, and the precipitateis in equilibrium with the clear solution and the gel.G(top)+LContinously increasing the concentration of NaPA, the80520white precipitate disappears and transforms to geGemini (%,明located in the bottom of test tube. In this paper, it isFig.9 Isothermal three component phase diagram for the systemcalled as gel in the bottom. With the followinggemini surfactant (12- 6- 12-2Br )- NaPA- H2O [L: solution;increasing of NaPA concentration, the gel collected onG(top)+L: two phases of gel on the top and solution on thethe top of test tube is called as gel on the top. Thebottom; G(bottom)+L: two phases of gel on the bottom andapparent viscosity of the gel phase decreases withsolution on the bottom; P+L: precipitate region; G+L+P:increasing the ratio of surfactant to polyelectrolyte. Irthree phase region (313 K)]lower NaPA concentration, phase separation reveals4 CONCLUSIONSprecipitate, and the precipitates formed in samples didnot transform into a transparent gel-like phase for a longThe process of cationic gemini surfactanttime equilibrium. Only when the NaPA concentration(12-6nding r nlvoloctrolyte is similar toreaches a certain value, gel phase appears. The reasontraditi中国煤化Iactant concentration,for this difference in behavior is that the polyelectrolyte,theYHCN M H G-like binding to .in particular the Na* counterions, contributes to thepolyelectrolyte Chains. but with increasing surfactantionic strength in the samplel9. The interaction betweenconcentration, the aggregates that gemini surfactant andthe polyelectrolyte and the cationic surfactant is polyelectrolyte formed become larger, which meets the第2期PYngninitaicisticortee and Phse Beavior ofnor Cemni Srcav Aioion Polelolyeeer TmanySystem 301resut fom TEM photos of samples prepared byAlkytrimcthylammonium SurfactantsAqucous Poly ;freeze- etching technique. Another diference from(styrenesulfonate) Solutions; []. Langmuir, 1992, 8: 2405- -2412.traditional surfactant, a peak appears near neutralization[15] Kogi K, Skarjince 1. Forsce and Coductviy Sndies ofconcentation. Through the study on the phase behaviorPleletolye-induced Aggregaion of Alrynineylammoniuomof(12- 6-12.2Br门) and NaPA in aqucous solution, it canBronides [I]. 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