Exploration of Water Resource and Multiple Model for Water Resource Development in Karst Areas with

Vol. 77 No. 1ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICAMarch 2003129Exploration of Water Resource and Multiple Model for WaterResource Development in Karst Areas with the Preferred Plane TheoryLUO Guoyu, YAN Changhong, LI Xiaozhao, JIANG Jianping and MA JiDepartment of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093;E-mail: yanchh@ nju. edu.cnAbstract According to the theory of preferred plane, preferred planes (faults) always control the distribution of bedrockfissure water and hold abundant groundwater. Thus, the exploration of fssure or karst water can be converted intsearching for the watery preferred plane (WPP). In the paper, the characteristic of watery preferred planes is analyzed anda series of superior indices has been set up. It is introduced that WPPs are determined by the methods of geologicalanalysis, superior index and complex geophysical analysis. Meanwhile, new multiple model for water resourcedevelopment in the water scarce areas of karst mountainous regions are advanced.Keys words: theory of preferred plane, karst water, multiple model for water resource development1 General Description of Basic Idea(2) Determining the layout of preferred wells and thewatery preferred depths of the wells (it is different in upliftThe theory of preferred plane (PPT) is a new research viewand depression areas).and model of engineering geology and hydrogeology. It(3) The multiple model for water research developmentindicates that preferred planes or faults have the mainare one of the important ways to solve water problems incharacter of younger forming ages and poor cementation.water-scarce areas of karst mountains. The resolutionTherefore, preferred planes or faults always control theincludes underground water and surface water utilizationdistribution of bedrock fissure water and hold abundanand planning and constructing of water engineeringgroundwater. Meanwhile, the stability, boundary conditionprojects and water resource management.and failure model of rockmass are also controlled byThe above methods are reasonable, feasible andpreferred planes or faults. Since a preferred plane has theeffective, and have been confimed by solving waterproperties of groundwater storage, it can be referred to as aproblem in Shunping County, Hebei Province and otherwatery preferred plane (WPP). Thus, the exploration ofregions.fissure or karst water and the research of engineeringgeological problems can be converted into searching for2 Determining w atery Preferred Planewatery preferred faults (WPFs).Evidently, the key to the problems of bydrogeology andIt is well known that the linear distribution of karst andengineering geology is to find out preferred planes or faults.geological hazards (Yuan and Wu, 2000; Tam et al.. 2001;Based on the main characteristics and physicai properties of Samalikova, 2001; He et al.. 2001) is very consistent withWPPs, the preferred plane theory (PPT) has provided threethe strike of faults. We have further recognized that karstmethods of geological analysis, system analysis with fourand groundwater are mainly controlled by watery preferredsuperior indices, and complex geophysical methods forplanes, because a watery preferred fault has the property offinding WPFs. It also indicates that another importantyounger forming age, poor cementing and self repairingproblem is to determine the research idea dealing withability.water shortage (Luo et al., 1988). The PPT has suggestedThe remarkable examples are:some evaluation ideas and technical routines for this(1) The solution sinkholes and underground passagesproblem.always distribute along the WNW-trending tectonicWe can see that there are three steps in studying (Fig. 1)fractures and constitute a fracture zone in the Nanjinquanground water resource by PPT in water scarce mountainousarea of the Three Gorges (Fig. 2).regions:2) Based on the detailed study of the collapse in the(1) Searching for WPFs by geological analysis, superiorQixia Mountains中国煤化工we haveindex and complex geophysical methods.revealed that the Ntrated as theYHECNMH G130w ater Exploration in Karst Areas with the Preferred Plane TheoryLuoetal.Datum collecting and processingGeolo gic characters ofMultiple models forCondition analysis ofSustainablewater-scaycewater resourceregional hydrogeologydevelopmentmountainous areadev e lopmentand engineering geologyof water resourceFault analysis andgeophysical explorationDetermination of WPPPlanning, designingComprehensiveWater resourceand constructing ofevaluation ofdevelopment and itswater resource projctsenvironment problemsDetermination of preferredwell site, depth andwellconstructionTechnical routine of water resource on its| evaluation, planning and developing by PPTFig.l. Technical routine in searching groundw ater and muliple models for water resource development.controlling factors of the collapses (Fig. 3) (Zhou et al,are:2001).(1) Preferred index of forming age TP(i)Therefore, it is indicated that the main characteristics ofAccording to the view of two preferred planes, wepreferred faults are enriched with fissure karst water orconsider that the geological age is the first index for findingfissure water., They can be referred to as WPFs. Therefore,a watery preferred fault. The new and active faults, owingsearching for WPFs is of great significance to theto their young age, poor cementation (Liu and Shen, 2002;exploration of karst- fissure water or fissure water resourceWang et al, 2002), aqueduct and being watery, are likely to(Tam et al, 2001).or always become the preferred faults.On the basis of practice in studying groundwater(2) Preferred index of cementation and recharge RP(i)distribution and finding WPFs, it is considered that theThe cementation and recharge of faults are controlled byfollowing three methods may be useful.their cementation, length, width, depth, cross cutting of thefracture zones. The cementation and recharge of a fault is2.1 Geological analysisappraised with four parameters, joint interval I, length L,Three elements (strike, orientation of torsion and theroughness R and width w.behavior of fractured zone) of faults are measured and theIt can be expressed by statistic equations.faults are divided into old, new and active faults. It is(3) Preferred index of water richness and transmissibilityrecognized that new or active faults may always be theNP(i)candidates of WPFs.The water richness and tansmisibility of a fault iscontrolled by the dimensions, continuity and recharge area2.2 Method of superior indicesof the fault. The dimensions of a fault refer to the length,A watery preferred plane (WPP) may be determined by thewidth and de中国煤化工perred index isfour preferred indices of a fracture plane or fault i. Theyexpressed byMHCNMH GVol. 77 No. 1ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICAMarch 2003131SW 203"Mountain HuzhuaMingjing lakeQ4JKarstD28 m44 m-75 m7n2 -125 mKarst tube with waterPJ2 -Sandstone-175 mP. LimestoneC2 LimestoneFD, -Sandstone蛋用12]34Fig. 2. Nanjinquang Well.Fig.3. NE trending watery preferred faul controlling the cavern and collapses.1. Stalacite; 2. Clay, 3. Rock; 4. CambrianlimestoneSitc fracturesNeoteric fault No Nonp-leferred fault |YesTime preferred faultPAGoodrockmass characters NoLow-rank WPF I(Hard and Brittle)WellWPFl RPO), NPO and QP(0 are also gooHigh-rank WPFPredominating WPF] Higtet rank WPFAB/2Fig.4. Flow chart for finding WPFs and rating their ranks.Fig. 5. Resistivity distribution curve.NP(i)= K°Avalue of QP() is equal to 10.0, and so on.where A is the recharge area of the fault and K is theThe comprehensive index value CP() of a waterypermeability coffcient of rockmass.preferred fault is calculated according to the following(4) Preferred index of water quality QP()weighted summary formula:The preferred index of water quality is an importanceCP(i)=T . TP()+R●RP()+ N NP() + 0●QP(i)index for appraising fissure water. Generally, the waterwhere T, R, N and Q are, respectively, weighted valuesquality is good in igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks or incorresponding to various preferred indicators.deep and large fault zones. The value of QP(i) is obtainedSuppose we take CN as the reference criterion, then,according to the water quality. For example, when thewhen CP()≥CN, fault i is a WPF. Otherwise, it is not.water quality is of drinking water, the value of QP(i) isAnd then, usin中国煤化工g 4), we canequal to 1.0, when the water quality is of mineral water, thealso further determTHCN M H CWPF.132Water Exploration in Karst Areas with the Preferred Plane TheoryLuo et al.1TLL aTLWellRPFig. 6. Curve of radiation of Y ray.Fig. 7. Curve of d-trace and resistivity.2.3 Complex geophysical methodsproperty, and the anomaly that is not affectedImportant methods for determining a WPF, especiallytopographical relief. Therefore, this method is very reliable.concealed faults, are complex geophysical methods. TheyBut its deficiency is to be easily disturbed by the electronicare as follows:conductor.(1) Remote sensing techniques(4) Radioactivity surveyThrough the application of digital image processing forRadioactivity survey is a way to determine the wateryremote sensing data we can decide the position of WPFspreferred fault, which includes Y ray method, a-tracewith great speed on interpreted Landsat maps by themethod, thermoluminescent method, etc.lincament. Because geomorphic accidents and geological①Y ray methodprocesses and water resource always distribute with linearY ray method is a way to determine the radiation intensitybehavior, and usually show the location of WPFs. Thisof Y ray. Because radioactive elements are relativelymethod is suitable for the analysis of faults in a vastconcentrated in the watery preferred faults, we can decide itterritory, and, of course, it should be checked by groundthrough the Y ray method. This method has a considerablegeological surveys.effect in mountains and and some areas without thick(2) Resistivity methodoverburden. Figure 6 shows the anomalous y-curve inResistivity method is a main and effective geophysicalBangbu where a granite rockmass develops with fracturesmethod for exploning concealed WPFs. Since wateryand the overburden is 11.6 m thick. We have succeeded inpreferred faults are slack and watery, their physical featuresexploiting groundwater here.correspond to the low-resistivity zone. WPFs can be②a-trace methoddeternined by tracing the low-resistivity zone that OccursCharged a-particles released from the radonin relatively high. resistivity rockmass (Fig. 5). Figure 4shows the curve of the resistivity anomaly and electricreminiscence. The tracks left over by the particles throughsounding in Huashan and the analysis of the geology andchemical etching can be seen. The large number of tracksgeophysical curve led to asuccessn exploitingreveals the place of a watery preferred fault Fig.7). In thisgroundwater (Q=1 128 m'/d).method, the curve has a stable value in the backgroundIn the ordinary way the resistivity method is to be takenrelative to the curve of the a-trace and resistivity methods.in two steps:❸Thermoluminescent study①Measure, on the basis of geological analysis, theThis method is a new technique in radioactivitywatery preferred fault by using combined section and gainprospecting. The anomaly value of a concealed preferredthe dip of the fault by changing the polar distance; andault is times or dozens of times of that of❷Measure the anomaly which was determined brock. It shows the relative curve of the thermoluminescentcombined section by using electric soundingmethod and the other methods (a-trace and resistivity(3) Induced polarization methodmethods).Induced polarization method may be used to distinguish(5) Seismic prosnecting methodthe anomaly of induced polarization, which occurs in theWhen there中国煤化工nce stratum, theincompetent strata without outstandingly different electricseismic prospC N M H Giffective way inVol. 77 No. 1ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICAMarch 2003133GeologicAnomalyQualitativemassobservationanalysismode 1calcu lationParameter ofQuantitativethe massFig.8. Poly-aunalysis method.determining a concealed preferred fault. The energy of ais a basic research project, so, it is necessary to accumulateseismic event that passes through a fault has a significanta great deal of data.attenuation, and the amplitude is greatly weakened. Thus,we can determine the place of a fault.3 Preferred Well Place and Preferred Well(6) Azote and hydrogen methodDepthThe pneumatic azote that is volatilized in a definitetemperature (50- 100"C) is easily carried by groundwater(1) Preferred well placealong a preferred fault and will go up t0 the soil above theThe principle is that a preferred well place should befault. Under normal conditions the azote anomaly value in aselected on account of the uilization of, firstly, the WPFfault is times or dozens times of that of the backgroundwater and a number of other water sources, such as voidvalue. Therefore, we can find the place of a waterywater, bedding plane water and fault water (Fig. 9).preferred fault.(2) Watery preferred well depthSince the hydrogen density is obviously increased aboveBased on the concept of ground water zonation in a faultthe preferred fault, we can determine a watery preferredn the vertical section, there exist 3 zones and the secondfault by the hydrogen density.zone, zone 11, is rich in ground water (from 100m to 150 mIt could be concluded that:in depth) (Fig. 10).①Any parameter of the geological explorationsThe depth of zone 1 varies in various areas. Zone I ismentioned above just reflects the characters of a geologicalshallower in the uplift areas than in the depressions.mass. So, different geophysical methods have differenteffects in solving geological problems. It is necessary to4Multiple model for Water Resourcecombine them and adopt a poly-analysis methodFig. 8) toDevelopmentenhance the data interpretation.②Economically and technologically, it is impossible toBased on the theory of preferred plane, two steps should beuse all the methods mentioned above. We have to selecttaken in tackling the problems of water resource (Fig. 1)some methods. There are two aspects that should be takenThe first is to locate WPFs to search for fissure water orinto account.fissure- karst water as mentioned above and the second isThe selection of geophysical methods is up to thethe construction of “multiple model for water resourcegeological conditions. For example, it is suitable to adoptdevelopment”(MWRD models) Luo et al., 2000).the resistivity method and induced polarization methodIt is considered that the multiple model for waterwhen the difference in eletricity of geological masses isresource development are the ultimate way out for thenot very evident. On the other hand, a better result could bewater scarce areas, especially the mountainous regions.obtained with the resistivity method in some complicatedGroundwater resource development and surface waterareas.resource development must be integrated and multipleSo, it is necessary to enhance the research on thmethods or water developing projects should berelationship between the superior indices and geophysicalincorporated to deal with the problem of water shortage.methods.A groundwater exploration based on this model in theBecause the superior indices reflect only the differentarea of Shunping County, Hebei Province has been acharacteristics of a preferred fault and geological masses,success. A typical and remarkable example is the greatthe key to the problem is how to build a relevant relationbreakthrough中国煤化elopment inbetween the geophysical data and the superior indices. ThisGuojazhuang viworst water-YHCNMHG134W ater Exploration in K arst Areas with the Preferred Plane TheoryLuo et al.WellSilV.1 Infiltration ZoneSandI FissureW aterFaul11 Run Off ZoneBedrockWPFIII Accumulation ZoneFig. 9 Preferred well place,Fig. 10. Preferred well depth.scarce regions. Good quality waterobtained with aespecially the China S mountainous areas.specific capacity up to 1200 cubic meters per day.The research shows that the study of hydrogeology andThe work here includes the following:engineering geology has come into a new stage of meta-(1) Searching for WPFs and determining the preferredsynthetic theory of engineering geo mechanics. Waterwell layout;resource research is a comprchensive system including(2) Studying and evaluation of water resources;water explorations, planning, water projects designing and(3) Designing of multiple model for water resourceconservation, and water resource management to meet thedevelopment.need of the society.A united developing system of groundwater and surfaceThe“MWDR mode" has proved effective in practice.water (united dispatch system) should be designed and aCorresponding to the strategy of sustainable development,water-saving society be buit, Then, surface water andthis model will have a prominent position and greatgroundwater projects are constructed.significance, especially in the development of West China.Ground water projects include:a. The optimum design of water supply well (pipe well);b. Shaft well;Manuscript received April 1, 2002C. Reclaim well;,acepted Dec. 26, 2002d. Underground cut off dam;edited by Zhang Yuxu and Xie Guangliane. Large uncovering well;f. Construction of a network of wells in adjacent vllagesor in some sites abundant of groundwater.ReferencesSurface water projects include:a. Construction of moderate reservoirsHe Keqiang, LIU Changli and Wang Sijing, 2001. Karst collapseb. Gully Reservoir by the villagemechanism and criterion for its stanterion for its sability.Acta Geologica Sinica. Management of water resource(Englshedition), 75(3): 330 335.Liu Bin and Shen Kun 2002. Fuid activity and tectonic evolutionThe management of water resources includes watein the northem Qilian high pressure metamorphic belt. Actasupply, water quality control, artificial recharge ofGeologica Sinica (English edition), 76(4): 408- 422.groundwater and 3R principles (water Reduction,Luo Guoyu, Chu Tongging and Yan Changhong, 1998. TheRecycling and Reuse) (Yan et al., 2000).mechanism and treatment approach to the collapsixiaMountain. 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