From Critical Discourse Analysis to Positive Discourse Analysis

hwsy@overseaen.comISSN 1009- -5039htp://ww.overseaen.conOverseas English海外英语Tel:+86-551-65690811 65690812From Critical Discourse A nalysis to Positive Discourse Analysis黄茜然(哈尔滨师范大学西语学院,黑龙江哈尔滨1500000Abstracts: Diferent Scholars have different views of the definition of Discourse Analysis; it' s a research method that can be usedquestions. Critical Discourse Analysis is a branch of Discourse Analyis; this paper introduces its development, guidance theoryand approach of it. As Positive Discourse Analysis is the extension of Critical Discourse Analysis, this paper introduces the produc-tion and main theories of it. At last, a comparison was made between them.Key words: discourse Analysis, critical discourse analysis, positive discourse analysis中图分类号:H0文献标识码:A 文章编 号: 1009- -5039(2014)13- -0246-021 Introductionable to the development of society. The question nowadays isDiscourse analysis set out to answer many kinds of questionswhether could lead people in positive way on the basis of criticalabout language, about speakers, and about society and culture. Itdiscourse analysis, and this is what we need to do from the positivediscourse analysis theory.rests on the basic premise that language cannot be understood with-2.1 The development of critical discourse analysisout reference to the context. It draws from the findings and method-ologies of a wide range of fields. It is itself a broad field comprisedThe Crtical Discourse Analysis started from 1970s in Eng-of a large number of linguistie subfields and approaches, including land. At that time, some scholars in the Birmingham Universityspeech act theory, conversation analysis, pragmatics, and the eth- studied the“bad news" . This could be considered as the rudimentnography of speaking. At the same time, the lines between certainof the Critical Discourse Analysis. In 1979, Language and Controlnthropological was published by critical linguistics Fowler & Hodge ,which thelinguistics, and cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis over- term Critical Linguitics was firstly proposed in this book.lap, and approaches to the study of discourse are informed by theseVan Djk also contributes much to the development of the Crit-subfields, and in many cases findings are independently corroborat-ical Discourse Analysis. His main works are: Text and Contexted. As a very interdisciplinary apprach, the boundaries of this (1977); Neus as Discourse (1988); Discourse and Society and Dis-field are fuzzy.course Studies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction ( 1997).This paper aims at introduce the critical discourse analysisFairclough has deeply researched the main social theory suchfirst, and relate it to the occurring of the positive discourse analy-as western Marxism, Frankfurt school theory and the theory of postsis. Their relationship and comparison are two main clues of this structuralism, put forward his explanation on various kinds of muchpaper.2 Critical Discourse Analysistice", "social practice" and "word order". By analyzing the variousconsequences of various contexts and discourses, he prompted theCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was a kind of discoursediscourse reading to a more complex system analysis and politicalanalysis method which was raised in the late 1970s to 1980s. Itanalysis. His famous works such as Language and Power (1989);aims at expose the influence of ideology towards words, the reac-Discourse and Social Change (1992) and Critical Discourse Analysistion of words towards ideological through the surface of language(1995) contributed to the development of Critical Discourse Analy-form, and how both of them spring from the social structure and thepower relations, how to serve the two aspects.The development of critical discourse analysis has been wide-2.2 The guidance theory of critical discourse analysisly attracts attention by study scholars, presenting a condition of as-The philosophical guidance theory is the western Marxism.cendant. Linguists actively plunged into this field, analyzed theOne of the linguistic guidance theories is the hypothesis of the rela-problems of power and ideology in words and achieved remarkable tionship of langue and thought which was proposed by Sapir andresults. But the purpose of critical discourse analysis is to "elimi- W horf, another theory is the English linguist’s Halliday ’s system-nate the existence of the inequality in language". This decided its atic functional grammar.position of "expose" and "negative", so inevitably some negative2.3 The approach of critical discourse analysisThe Critical Discourse Analysis is a branch of instrumentalcomplex, so they can not be solved only by the way of "criticism"or "down". The over passive atude of critical discourse analyst islinguistics. It emphasizes the main position of linguistics, emphasiz-not only unfavorable to the solving of problems, but also unfavor-ing the understar| 中国煤化工metod of system-TYHCNMHG收稿日期:2014-04-16修回日期:2014-05-15246 /研究71本栏目责任编辑:谢媛嫒2014年07月Overseas English海外英语atic functional grammar. It attempts to reach the aim of proclaim posing. In 2000, he made a clear purpose that to set up a new tar-the mutual relationship of langue and ideology with the use of Halli-lay' s research method of systematic functional grammar. General- Design here means to abandon the entire negative views frontier,ly speaking, it uses the discourse idea, functional idea and contex- but to program a bright future by a positive analysis.tual idea of systematic functional grammar to deal with the prob-3.2 The main theories of positive discourse analysislems in the Critical Discourse Analysis.The development of Positive Discourse Analysis has just been3 Positive Discourse Analysisstarted. There are three main theories played an important role inThe development of Positive Discourse Analysis has been the development of PDA: the first is the Appraisal Theory, it'smore than 20 years. There are four basie questions that considered based on the lexical meaning analysis. The second is the Theory ofthe essence of PDA. The purpose of Positive Discourse Analysis isCommunicative Action. The last is our country's HE WEI GUIto guide people from the positive aspect, based on the foundation ofthought, which was proposed in the Analects of Confucius. .Critical Discourse Analysis.4 ConclusionWe can easily seen from four basic questions and answers thatif the discourse analysts know the world just from the negative as-From what have been discussed above, we can get know thepect to criticize or expose all things around, this would be harmfulbasic knowledge of Discourse Analysis, the development, theoryto the development of the society and the world. So it' s necesary backgound and ppraches of Citial Disourse Analyis; and thefor us to establish a harmonious sociely and a peaceful world,production and main theories of Positive Discourse Analysis. Weeasily see that both Critical Discourse Analysis and Positivewhich is good for all human beings.3.1 The production and development of positive discourseDiscourse Analysis are influenced by the western Marxism, they re-gard language as the foundation of society, not a kind of superstruc-analysisture. Although Positive Discourse Analysis is the extension of Posi-tive Discourse Analysis, it can' t be said that PDA has overthrewsion Conference was held in Birmingham. J. R. Martin proposed the theoretical foundation and analysis metod of CDA thoroughly.the newly proposition of Positive Discourse Analysis (PDA) in the The aim of Positive Discourse Analysis is to treat all kinds of socialpaper of Positive Discourse Analbsis: solidarity and change frstly. contradictions in a positive atitude, then to build a harmonious s0-After Professor Martin has proposed the term of Positive Discourse ciety and a peaceful world.Analysis, many scholars such as W hite and w odal have studied the References:motivation of PDA, and published many essays about it. They con-[1] Gee J P.An Introduction to Discourse Analysis : Theory andsidered that the evaluation theory of functional grammar could notMethod[M].London:Rutledge, 1999.only be used in critical, but also can be used to construction, this[2] Geertz C.The Interpretation of Cultures[M].New York :Basicwas known as the Positive Discourse Analysis. 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