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脱碳电网大规模储能的展望Prospects for Large-Scale Energy Storage in Decarbonised Power Grids 脱碳电网大规模储能的展望Prospects for Large-Scale Energy Storage in Decarbonised Power Grids

脱碳电网大规模储能的展望Prospects for Large-Scale Energy Storage in Decarbonised Power Grids

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  • 更新时间:2021-09-09
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本文研究了大型储能系统在未来电力系统中的潜在作用。模拟的起点和基础是2008年能源技术展望(ETP)供电蓝色情景(IEA,2008)。根据这一设想,增加使用可再生能源和核技术可以在电力部门大幅度减少二氧化碳排放方面发挥重要作用。通过增加这些技术的使用,化石燃料发电厂的使用以及由此产生的二氧化碳排放将减少。在蓝图情景中,到2050年,风能和太阳能提供了全球发电量的12%和11%。风能和太阳能等可变产出可再生技术不可调度。由于这些技术占有很大份额,需要采取步骤确保持续可靠的电力供应。尽管相关问题包括电压和频率变化,但本报告主要关注频率稳定性。要实现这一目标,就必须保持供需平衡,而且在当今大多数电力系统中,煤炭和天然气等中负荷技术以及在某些情况下水力发电在这方面发挥着主要作用。本文的主要重点是调查2010年至2050年间的存储增长和全球总存储容量需求,以帮助电力系统与大量可变可再生能源的平衡。可变可再生能源与天气相关的电力输出变化相关,包括秒到几分钟的短期变化,与数小时的长期变化叠加。频率变化取决于短期变化,因此本报告侧重于短期变化。尽管单个风力发电厂或太阳能发电厂的发电量可能有很大的变化,但风力发电厂和光伏发电厂的广泛地理分布减少了整个系统所看到的许多发电厂的净变化。可再生能源净产出变化是该分析中的一个重要参数。迄今为止,这种平滑效果的影响因地区而异。如果单个风力发电厂和光伏发电厂的输出不相关,则变化程度会随着总发电厂数量的平方根的倒数而减小。另一方面,在风力发电和光伏发电数量较多的相对较小的地区,发电厂之间可能表现出较强的相关性。在这种情况下,将保持显著的净变化。

This paper focuses on the potential role that large-scale energy storage systems can play in future power systems. The starting point and basis for simulations is the Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 (ETP) BLUE scenario for power supply (IEA, 2008). According to the scenario, increased use of renewable energy and nuclear technologies can play an important role in reducing CO 2 emissions dramatically in the power sector. Through the increased use of these technologies, the use of fossil fuel powered plants, and consequent CO 2 emissions, will be reduced. Wind power and solar power provides 12% and 11% of global electricity generation by 2050 in the BLUE Map scenario. Variable output renewable technologies such as wind and solar are not dispatchable. With large shares of these technologies, steps would need to be taken to ensure the continued reliable supply of electricity. While related issues include voltage and frequency variations, inter alia, this report focuses on frequency stability. Constant balance of demand and supply is essential to achieve this, and, in the majority of today’s power systems, mid load technologies such as coal and gas and in some cases hydro, play the chief role in this regard. The main focus of this paper is to investigate the storage growth and total global storage capacity needed between 2010 and 2050, to assist in the balancing of power systems with large shares of variable renewables. Variable renewable energies are associated with weather-related power output variations, which consist of short term variations on a scale of seconds to several minutes, superimposed on long term variation on the scale of several hours. Frequency change depends on the short- term variation, therefore this report focuses on short–term variations. Although the output of individual wind or solar plants can vary considerably, wide geographical dispersal of wind power and PV plants reduces the net variation of many plants as seen by the system as a whole. The net output variation of renewables is an important parameter in this analysis. To date, the impact of this smoothing effect varies from region to region. If the outputs of individual wind and PV plants are uncorrelated, the extent of variation decreases with the inverse square root of the overall number of plants. On the other hand, over relatively small areas with large numbers of wind and PV plants, plants may show strong correlation with each other. In such situations a significant net variation will remain.

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