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从化石燃料补贴转向可持续能源Making the Switch From fossil fuel subsidies to sustainable energy 从化石燃料补贴转向可持续能源Making the Switch From fossil fuel subsidies to sustainable energy

从化石燃料补贴转向可持续能源Making the Switch From fossil fuel subsidies to sustainable energy

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  • 更新时间:2021-09-09
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我们正处于这样一个时刻:我们需要更好、更公平、更聪明和更清洁的政府政策,以建立能源系统,使我们迅速转向零排放途径。这份报告详细说明了当前全球政府对化石燃料消费者和生产商的补贴(2015年约为4250亿美元)阻碍我们实现可持续发展和建设21世纪所需的可持续能源系统的原因和方式。对矿物燃料的补贴是各国政府支持实现可持续发展目标的巨大和持续丧失的机会:相当于填补可持续能源获取资金缺口所需资金的一半;相当于基础教育资金缺口所需资金的11倍;相当于基础医疗保健缺口的13倍;三倍于对可再生能源的同等补贴;以及22倍于目前的适应和应对气候变化的资金。这份报告从经济、社会保护和福利、医疗保健、教育、空气污染和性别等多个角度概述了化石燃料补贴是政府无法再忽视的一项成本。化石燃料补贴还通过压低化石燃料价格,从而鼓励更大的生产和消费,从而促进碳排放,从而有助于气候变化。研究估计,取消所有化石燃料补贴将导致到2050年全球碳排放量减少6.4%至8.2%。在《巴黎协定》签署之前,为20个国家的北欧部长理事会进行的国家一级研究发现,到2020年,全国平均减排11%,达到平均减排18%,同时将30%的储蓄换成可再生能源和能源效率。据估计,在对矿物燃料采用财政手段(即补贴改革和适当税收)的情况下,全球减排可能进一步提高到20%。过去30年的数据显示,如果我们取消对化石燃料的政府补贴,全球排放量将比2010年实际减少三分之一以上。因此,本报告概述了各国政府需要如何关闭对石油、天然气和煤炭的补贴,但也需要启动对可再生能源和能源效率的大规模投资,以及其他更具生产力的投资,如针对穷人或健康和教育的现金安全网。各国需要进行互换。北欧国家已经开始从化石燃料补贴转向政府对热泵(如瑞典)、电动汽车(如挪威)和风电(如丹麦)的支持。互换是指各国进行化石燃料补贴改革,并将由此节省的部分资金用于可持续能源和发展。这是一个巨大的和迫切需要的想法,在一个资源稀缺的时代和一个正在经历气候变化的星球。一个例子是逐步取消柴油补贴,同时对太阳能农业泵进行投资,以取代昂贵的柴油泵;取消天然气补贴,同时对工业能效进行巨额投资;改革煤炭补贴,将储蓄和支持转向可再生能源;或者取消汽油补贴和投资建设有针对性的国家安全网计划。埃塞俄比亚、菲律宾、秘鲁和摩洛哥等国已经开始做出这种转变。本报告概述了目前正在进行改革的四个国家的全部门办法:孟加拉国、印度尼西亚、摩洛哥和赞比亚。所有经济体都需要这样一种互换,对中国和美国的互换建议也包括在内,其重点是将储蓄转移到公正的转型和能源效率上。2015年的巴黎协议对每个人都是一个重要的信号。然而,现在需要开展大规模的政府改革工作,同时转向零碳和可持续能源基础设施项目——大规模取消化石燃料补贴,启动支持可再生能源和能效的政府政策。全球互换。全球变化。我们所有人都需要尽快交换。

We are at a point when we need better, fairer, smarter and cleaner government policies to build energy systems to rapidly redirect us toward zero emissions pathways. This report details why and how current global government subsidies to consumers and producers of fossil fuels – of around USD 425 billion in 2015 – hold us back from delivering sustainable development and building the sustainable energy systems needed in the 21st Century. Subsidies to fossil fuels represent massive and ongoing lost opportunities for governments to support the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals: representing half the amount needed to plug the sustainable energy access finance gap; 11 times more than needed for the basic education finance gap; 13 times more than the basic health care gap; three times more than the equivalent subsidies to renewables; and a massive 22 times more than current financing toward adaptation and resilience to climate change. This report outlines how fossil fuel subsidies are a cost that governments can no longer afford to ignore from many perspectives, including economic, social protection and welfare; health care; education; air pollution; and gender. Fossil fuel subsidies also contribute toward climate change by depressing the price of fossil fuels and thereby encouraging greater production and consumption – and thus carbon emissions. Research estimates that the removal of all fossil fuel subsidies would lead to a global decrease in carbon emissions of between 6.4–8.2 per cent by 2050. Country-level research undertaken for the Nordic Council of Ministers across 20 countries prior to the Paris Agreement found a national average of 11 per cent reduction by 2020, rising to an average 18 per cent reduction combined with a SWAP of 30 per cent of savings toward renewable energy and energy efficiency. It is estimated that with the combination of fiscal instruments applied to fossil fuels (i.e., subsidy reform and appropriate taxation) global emissions reductions could improve further still to a 20 per cent reduction. Data over the last 30 years suggests that, had we switched off government subsidies to fossil fuels, global emissions would have been more than a third lower than they actually were in 2010. Therefore, this report outlines how governments need to switch off subsidies to oil, gas and coal, but also need to switch on massive investments into renewables and energy efficiency and other more productive investments such as targeted cash safety nets for the poor or for health and education. Countries need to make a SWAP. Nordic countries have started this shift away from fossil fuel subsidies and toward government support to heat pumps as in Sweden, electric cars as in Norway and wind power in Denmark. A SWAP is where countries undergo fossil fuel subsidy reform and allocate some of the resulting savings toward sustainable energy and development. It is a huge and desperately needed idea in an age of scarce resources and a planet undergoing climate change. One example would be gradual removal of diesel subsidies with a parallel investment into solar agriculture pumps that can replace expensive diesel ones; a removal of gas subsidies alongside a huge investment into industrial energy efficiency; reform of coal subsidies with a shift of savings and support toward renewable energy; or a removal of gasoline subsidies and investment in building targeted national safety net schemes. Countries such as Ethiopia, The Philippines, Peru, and Morocco have started to make this shift. This report outlines SWAPs for four countries that are all currently undergoing reform: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. Such a SWAP is needed for all economies, and SWAP suggestions for China and the United States are also included with a focus of savings moved toward a just transition and energy efficiency. The 2015 Paris Agreement was an important signal to everyone. However, the work of implementing large-scale government reforms and a parallel redirection toward zero carbon and sustainable energy infrastructure projects is now needed – a massive switching off of fossil fuels subsidies and a switching on of government policies to support renewables and energy efficiency. A global SWAP. A global shift. All of us need to make the SWAP and make it soon.

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