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加拿大的城市和智能电网Cities and Smart Grids in Canada 加拿大的城市和智能电网Cities and Smart Grids in Canada

加拿大的城市和智能电网Cities and Smart Grids in Canada

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  • 更新时间:2021-09-09
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加拿大的电力部门在满足该国的经济,社会和环境需求方面发挥着核心作用。为了适应包括供需压力在内的新兴趋势,并在日益受到碳限制的世界中保持竞争力,加拿大的电力部门必须现代化并做出适当的投资决策。为此,未来几十年将是至关重要的,应避免可能会破坏世纪中期脱碳目标的电力部门锁定效应。该报告专门针对加拿大电网现代化和城市环境下的智能电网。在这种情况下,我们注意到快速老化的电力基础设施为实现电网现代化与气候目标之间的协同增效提供了独特的机会。这些努力的中心支柱必须是部署智能电网解决方案。这些解决方案将在增加脱碳机会方面发挥重要作用,尤其是在运输和供热部门中,这是加拿大最大的温室气体排放源之一。其次,它们通过支持能源效率并允许消费者向电网回购来为客户提供价值。最后,它们可以解决供应方的压力,尤其是在加拿大的集聚趋势的背景下。以下情况为研究得出了结论和建议:•加拿大的城市在人口和地理空间方面都在增长。这就带来了双重挑战,即要解决城市核心地区日益增长的需求,同时又要为不断增长的郊区提供住宅和商业区。 •传统上,发电由主要设施(例如,燃煤电厂,水坝,核设施)组成,这些设施通过分布在较长地理区域上的高压输电线路连接到需求源。 •展望未来,预计能源生产和分配将发生变化。这将由许多因素驱动,包括:可靠性和安全性问题(长输电线对极端天气的脆弱性);鼓励低碳能源生产的政策(太阳能电池板和风力涡轮机);社会对大型电力项目的抵制;人们对替代能源生产和分配来源(例如区域供热和生产者)的需求日益增长。 •缓解气候变化政策将影响电力部门的业务决策。已经提到了逐步淘汰煤炭和碳定价,但是还有其他因素在起作用。政府最近在《 2017年预算》中对化石燃料补贴改革和可再生能源投资的承诺,将成为现有清洁能源趋势的润滑剂。能源价格上涨将推动投资决策,也将推动消费决策。一个例子就是电动汽车的增长,这正在推动电力需求,特别是在城市环境中。采访表明,到目前为止,这种需求是可以控制的,但它在长期规划中带来了不确定性。 •气候变化将对需求和资源产生影响。温度变化以及相关的用水困难会影响能源生产效率,而夏季的用电需求将会增加。加拿大的某些地区有可能从冬季公用事业向夏季公用事业急剧转变。鉴于电力供应着大量的空调需求,而天然气提供了大量的供暖,这可以从根本上改变加拿大的能源系统。消费者对公用事业的期望正在发生变化。消费者的期望可能越来越多地包括能源生产的经济,社会和环境影响。一些消费者希望获得有关其用电量的更多信息。其他人则希望能够成为新的清洁技术的早期采用者;鉴于与化石燃料来源相关的成本增加,还有一些人最担心获得能源。这导致公用事业需要采用新的业务模型。我们注意到在启用智能电网的电力系统中出现了四种新兴业务模型(请参阅表ES1)。

Canada’s electricity sector plays a central role in supporting the country’s economic, social and environmental needs. In order to meet emerging trends, including supply and demand pressures, and to remain competitive in a world that is becoming increasingly carbon constrained, Canada’s electricity sector must modernize and make appropriate investment decisions. To this end, coming decades will be critical and lock-in effects in the electricity sector that can undermine mid-century decarbonization objectives should be avoided. This report looks specifically at smart grids within the context of grid modernization and urban settings in Canada. In this context, we note that the rapidly aging electricity infrastructure provides a unique opportunity to achieve synergies found between grid modernization and climate objectives. A central pillar of these efforts must be deployment of smart grid solutions. These solutions will have an important role in enhancing decarbonization opportunities, especially in the transportation and heating sectors—two of Canada’s largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Second, they provide value for costumers by supporting energy efficiency and by allowing consumers to sell back to the grid. Finally, they can address supply-side pressures, especially in the context of agglomeration trends in Canada. The following context has informed the research’s conclusions and recommendations: • Canada’s cities are growing both in terms of population and geographic space. This is leading to the dual challenge of addressing increased demand in city core areas while simultaneously having to supply residential and commercial areas in ever growing suburban areas. • Traditionally, electricity generation has consisted of major facilities (e.g., coal plants, hydro dams, nuclear facilities) connected to demand sources through high-voltage transmission lines running over long geographical areas. • Going forward, a shift in energy production and distribution is anticipated. This will be driven by a number of factors, including: reliability and security concerns (vulnerability of long transmission lines to extreme weather); policies that incentivize low-carbon energy production (solar panels and wind turbines); increasing social resistance to large power projects; and a growing desire for alternative approaches to energy generation and distribution sources (e.g., district heating and prosumers). • Climate change mitigation policies will affect business decisions in the electricity sector. Coal phase-out and carbon pricing were already mentioned, but there are additional factors at play. Recent commitments of the government in Budget 2017 to fossil fuel subsidy reform and renewable energy investment will act as lubricant to the existing trend to cleaner energy. Increasing energy prices will drive investment decisions, but also consumption decisions. An example is the growth in electric vehicles, which is driving electricity demand, particularly in urban settings. Interviews indicate that this demand is manageable thus far, but it is driving uncertainty in long-term planning. • Climate change will have an impact on demand and resources. Temperature changes, and associated water accessibility challenges, can affect energy production efficiency, while demand for electricity in summer months will increase. There is potential for some areas of Canada to shift dramatically from winter-peaking utilities to summer-peaking ones. Given that electricity supplies the massive demand for air conditioning, while a great deal of heating is provided by natural gas, this can fundamentally shift the energy system in Canada. Consumers’ expectations of utilities is changing. Consumers’ expectations are likely to increasingly include economic, social and environmental impacts of energy production. Some consumers want greater information about their power use; others want the ability to become early adopters of new, clean technology; while still others are most concerned about access to energy in light of increased costs associated with fossil fuel sources. This has led to the need for utilities to adopt new business models. We note four emerging business models in the smart grid-enabled electricity systems (see Table ES1).

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