美国煤炭出口：国家和国家经济贡献U.S. Coal Exports: National and State Economic Contributions

2011年，美国煤炭出口总量为1.07亿吨，为20多年来的最高水平。煤炭出口占美国煤炭总产量的近10%，支持了成千上万美国工人的就业。煤炭出口的经济贡献远远超出我的网站的活动,包括就业相关下游运输提供商将煤炭从矿山,港口,港口服务,准备和加载煤运往国外,和其他企业,支持煤炭出口活动。这一过程中的每一步都为美国经济活动做出了贡献经济。安永会计师事务所(Ernst & Young LLP)受美国国家矿业协会(NMA)委托，对2011年美国煤炭出口的经济贡献进行了评估，这是在分析时获得的最新完整数据。分析考虑了当前煤炭出口对美国经济的经济贡献，并提供了各州的估计。重要发现:►每百万短吨美国煤炭出口在2011年贡献了估计1320美国经济总工作:2011年,141270年煤炭出口贡献了1.07亿短吨总直接、间接、美国经济和诱导的工作,相当于约1320个工作岗位,每百万短吨煤出口。2011年，全国每百万吨级出口冶金用煤供养职工1460人，2011年全国每百万吨级出口蒸汽用煤供养职工1050人。►直接雇员在煤炭出口相关产业收入超过全国平均水平近50%在2011年的工资和福利:2011年,员工直接使用煤炭相关业务(员工在煤矿、运输公司、港口和港口服务公司和煤炭出口船只)的年度平均96100美元的工资福利,美国所有员工的平均水平相比,在2011年的64500美元。2007年以来，美国的煤炭出口有所增长:2011年，美国生产了近11亿吨煤，其中9.74亿吨用于国内，1.07亿吨(占总产量的10%)出口国外。与五年前的2007年相比，这标志着出口水平和美国总产量中出口份额的增长。2007年，美国出口了5500万短吨煤(占总产量的5%)。2011年，美国煤炭出口占全球海运煤炭出货量的8.4%，高于2007年的5.7%。各个州的煤炭出口活动差别很大，影响到与煤炭出口有关的经济活动的水平:有些州的煤炭出口比例比其他州大。美国最大的产煤州怀俄明2011年向美国以外的买家出口了约1%的煤炭。相比之下，美国第二大煤炭生产商西弗吉尼亚州在2011年向海外出口了3500万短吨煤炭，相当于其煤炭总产量的27%。出口到国外的煤炭生产份额的州与州之间的变化与两个主要因素有关:(1)国家生产的煤炭类型，以及(2)国家与具有煤炭运输能力的国际港口的邻近性和连通性。煤矿结构和煤炭类型的地区差异影响经济贡献:每百万短吨煤炭的就业贡献总量因出口煤炭类型的不同而不同。煤是利用地下煤矿和地面煤矿开采的。一般来说，露天开采在西部各州较为普遍，而地下开采则在该国东部较为普遍，那里生产出口的冶金用煤的大部分。地表采矿一般是劳动密集型程度较低的作业，每生产一吨煤雇用较少的采矿工人。平均每百万短直接煤矿和承包商雇佣吨煤产生六州密西西比河以西的工人和79名工人在州东(36工人每短吨美国整体),导致更高的总体估计每吨冶金coal.3就业的贡献。2011年，美国煤矿有25130个与出口煤炭生产相关的直接工作岗位:2011年，在美国143440个煤矿工作岗位中，约有25130个(18%)与煤炭出口生产相关。这些员工2011年的劳动收入约为26亿美元，支持了54亿美元的总增加值。尽管就业总人数包括全职和兼职员工，但根据美国劳工部公布的数据，2011年美国煤矿员工平均每周工作50个小时劳工统计局(Bureau of Labor Statistics.4►支出在下游煤炭出口运输服务相关支持的8850个工作岗位在运输公司:美国运输公司(包括深海货运航运)生成估计有31亿美元的收入从2011年的煤炭出口,雇用8850名工人获得劳动收入的估计有8.32亿美元。在31亿美元的总收入中，估计有24亿美元与从矿场到港口的运输有关(每短吨煤22美元)，约65%(15亿美元)与冶金用煤出口有关。其余7亿美元的运输支出预计来自深海货运，该行业雇佣了810名美国工人。在全部直接运输支出中，对就业的影响主要来自铁路运输，这是美国煤矿向美国港口运输煤炭的主要运输方式。港口和货物装卸活动相关的煤炭出口雇用了5370名工人:2011年,出口美国煤炭出口占总量的16%船通过美国港口出口货物的全部重量,12%在2007.5港口运营商和服务提供者生成估计有10亿美元的收入来自煤炭出口,支持5370个直接全职和兼职工作在港口和货物装卸公司和劳动收入3.28亿美元。弗吉尼亚州的出口活动最为活跃，2011年，该州占美国煤炭出口出货量的38%，以及与煤炭出口出货量相关的港口业务和货物装卸就业的22%。2011年，通过弗吉尼亚州诺福克港的所有出口货物的总重量中，煤炭占了77%。6►供应商和员工购买支出支持额外的经济活动:除了39350个直接就业在矿山、港口和港口服务公司,和下游运输提供商,煤炭出口支持估计有101920个工作岗位在其他行业,包括就业在供应商(间接经济贡献)和公司卖给员工(诱导经济贡献)。包括所有这些经济贡献，2011年煤炭出口就业贡献超过141,270个兼职和全职工作岗位。2011年，这些工作为美国工人提供了约93亿美元的劳动收入。

In 2011, U.S. coal exports totaled 107 million short tons, the highest level in over 20 years.1 Coal exports accounted for nearly ten percent of total U.S. coal production and supported the  employment of thousands of U.S. workers. The economic contribution of coal exports extends  well beyond the activities conducted at mine sites and includes employment related to  downstream transportation providers that move coal from mines to ports, as well as the port  services that prepare and load the coal for shipment abroad, and other businesses that are  supported by coal export activity. Each step in this process contributes economic activity to the  U.S. economy.  Ernst & Young LLP was commissioned by the National Mining Association (NMA) to estimate  the economic contributions of coal exports in the United States in 2011, the most recent year for  which complete data were available at the time of the analysis. The analysis considers the  current economic contribution of coal exports to the U.S. economy and provides estimates for  each state.  Key findings:  ► Each million short tons of U.S. coal exported in 2011 contributed an estimated 1,320  total jobs to the U.S. economy: In 2011, 107 million short tons of coal exports contributed  141,270 total direct, indirect, and induced jobs to the U.S. economy, equivalent to  approximately 1,320 jobs for every million short tons of coal exported. Each million tons of  exported metallurgical coal supported 1,460 employees compared to 1,050 employees per  million short tons of exported steam coal in 2011.  ► Direct employees in coal export-related industries earned nearly 50 percent more than  the national average in wages and benefits in 2011: In 2011, employees employed  directly at coal-export related businesses (employees at coal mines, transportation  companies, port and port services firms, and coal-exporting ships) earned an annual  average of $96,100 in wages in benefits, compared to the U.S. average for all employees of  $64,500 in 2011.  ► U.S. coal exports have increased since 2007: In 2011, the United States produced nearly  1.1 billion short tons of coal, of which 974 million short tons were used domestically and 107  million (ten percent of total production) were exported abroad. This marks an increase in  both the level of exports and the share of total U.S. production that is exported compared  with five years prior in 2007, when exports totaled 55 million short tons of coal (five percent  of total production). In 2011, U.S. coal exports accounted for 8.4 percent of world seaborne  coal shipments, up from 5.7 percent in 2007.Coal export activity varies significantly across states, affecting the level of economic  activity related to coal exports: Some states export a larger share of their coal than  others. Wyoming, the largest coal producing state, exported around one percent of its coal  production to purchasers outside the U.S. in 2011. In contrast, West Virginia, the nation’s  second largest coal producer, exported 35 million short tons of coal abroad in 2011, equal to  27 percent of its total coal production. The state-to-state variation in the share of coal  production that is exported abroad is related to two primary factors: (1) the type of coal  produced by the state, and (2) the proximity and connectivity of the state to international  ports with coal shipping capacity.  ► Regional differences in mine configuration and type of coal affect economic  contributions: The total estimated employment contribution per million short tons of coal  varies by type of coal being exported. Coal is mined using underground mines and surface  mines. In general, surface mining is more common in the western states, while underground  mining is more common in the eastern half of the country, where the majority of metallurgical  coal for export is produced. Surface mining is generally the less labor-intensive operation,  employing fewer mining workers per ton of coal produced. The average direct coal mine and  contractor employment per million short tons of coal produced is six workers in states west  of the Mississippi River and 79 workers in states to the east (36 workers per short ton for the  United States overall), contributing to higher overall estimated employment contributions per  ton of metallurgical coal.3 ► There were 25,130 direct U.S. jobs at coal mines related to coal production for export  in 2011: In 2011, an estimated 25,130 (18 percent) of the total 143,440 U.S. coal mining  jobs were related to coal export production. These employees earned an estimated $2.6  billion in labor income in 2011 and supported $5.4 billion in total gross value added. While  the total employment includes full- and part-time employees, in 2011, U.S. coal mine  employees worked an average of 50 hours per week, according to data published by the  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.4 ► Expenditures on downstream transportation services related to coal exports  supported 8,850 jobs at transportation companies: U.S. transportation companies  (including deep sea freight shipping) generated an estimated $3.1 billion in revenue from  coal exports in 2011, employing 8,850 workers who earned an estimated total of $832  million of labor income in that year. Of the total $3.1 billion of revenue, an estimated $2.4  billion was related to transportation from the mine to ports ($22 per short ton of coal) with  approximately 65 percent ($1.5 billion) related to exports of metallurgical coal. The  remaining $700 million of the estimated transportation spending is due to deep sea freight  shipping, employing 810 U.S. workers. Of total direct transportation spending, the majority  (81 percent) of the employment impact is from rail transportation, the predominant mode of  transportation for shipments of coal from U.S. mines to U.S. ports.U.S. port and cargo handling activity related to coal exports employed 5,370 workers:  In 2011, shipments of U.S. coal for export comprised 16 percent of the total vessel weight of  all exported goods passing through U.S. ports, up from 12 percent in 2007.5 Port operators  and service providers generated an estimated $1.0 billion of revenue from coal exports,  supporting 5,370 direct full- and part-time jobs at ports and cargo handling companies and  $328 million in labor income. Export activity was highest in Virginia, which accounted for 38  percent of U.S. coal export shipments and 22 percent of port operations and cargo handling  employment related to coal export shipments in 2011. In 2011, shipments of coal comprised  77 percent of the total weight of all exported goods passing through the Norfolk, Virginia  port.6 ► Supplier purchases and employee spending support additional economic activity: In  addition to the 39,350 direct jobs at mines, port and port services firms, and downstream  transportation providers, coal exports supported an estimated 101,920 jobs in other  industries, including employment at suppliers (the indirect economic contribution) and at  companies that sell to employees (the induced economic contribution). Including all of these  economic contributions, the total employment contribution of coal exports was more than  141,270 part-time and full-time jobs in 2011. These jobs provided U.S. workers with an  estimated $9.3 billion of labor income in 2011.