

西班牙的煤炭过渡Coal Transition in SPAIN
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- 更新时间:2021-09-16
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至少从十八世纪开始,西班牙就有着悠久的煤炭开采传统。然而,它也是近年来承诺逐步取消并实施补贴的司法管辖区之一。本案例研究探讨了西班牙煤炭转型的主要特征、影响煤炭转型的因素以及推动煤炭转型的政策及其对工人和地区的不利社会经济影响。分析的依据是对相关文件的桌面研究,包括工业部(MINETUR)和欧盟委员会的官方信函以及工业协会(CARBUNIN)和工会(UGT和CCOO)的立场声明。还查阅了其他机构(基金会、非政府组织)关于国家煤炭的文件。最后,对大众传媒中的文章进行了分析。这包含来自不同类型的涉众的有用声明。在这个国家,至少在过去20年里,煤炭行业的生产和就业都出现了大幅下降。政府接连出台计划,旨在减少煤炭产量、提前退休和关闭煤矿。一方面陷入了矿业联盟的夹缝,另一方面又陷入了欧盟立法和舆论的漩涡,政府不得不批准导致逐步淘汰的严厉措施。另一方面,它试图在逐步淘汰的同时采取措施,试图减轻对受影响地区的负面影响,尽管许多利益攸关方认为,在这方面的效力有限。政府为减少煤炭生产和消费而采取的措施是有效的。由于电力需求下降和可再生能源增加,煤炭需求下降 能量渗透。就业和生产水平大幅下降。一些措施的目的是减轻这些地区的影响,首先是通过支持生产、提前退休等,然后是在领土上采取行动,即通过提供基础设施。然而,还没有建立一个替代行业,即吸收失业工人并避免矿区经济衰退的发展模式。这些支持措施只是零星地解决了那些通过收入转移而失业的人的问题,而不是通过将他们转移到其他活动中。许多矿工不仅担心自己的工作,而且担心自己孩子的未来,这一问题一直没有得到解决。似乎过分强调提供公共基础设施,而不是直接鼓励建立长期经济和社会经济可持续的替代产业。这当然是今后要避免的错误。一个教训是,一旦决定逐步淘汰煤炭,政府应设法以最适当的方式管理负面的社会经济和分配影响,例如,通过补偿工人和创造替代产业,为负面影响地区提供更光明的前景。
Spain has had a long tradition of coal mining at least since the XVIII century. However, it is also one of the jurisdictions committing to phase-out of subsidies and implementing it in recent times. This case study discusses the main features of the coal transition in Spain, the factors influencing this transition as well as the policies which both drove it and accompanied their detrimental socioeconomic effects on the workers and regions. The analysis is based on a desktop research of relevant documents, including official communications from the Ministry of Industry (MINETUR) and the European Commission as well as statements of position from the industry association (CARBUNIN) and labour unions (UGT and CCOO). Documents on national coal from other institutions (Foundations, NGOs) have also been consulted. Finally, an analysis of articles in the mass media has been carried out. This contains useful statements from different types of stakeholders. A strong reduction in production and employment in the coal industry has been experienced at least in the last two decades in this country. Successive plans by the government have aimed at reducing coal production, early retirement of workers and closing mines. Caught in the middle of the mining coalition on the one hand and EU legislation and public opinion on the other, the government has had to approve drastic measures leading to phase out. On the other hand, it has tried to accompany the phase out with measures which have tried to mitigate the negative impact on the affected zones, although effectiveness in this context has been limited according to many stakeholders. The measures adopted by the government to reduce coal production and consumption have been effective. Coal demand has gone down as a result of the combination of lower electricity demand and increasing renewable energy penetration. A drastic reduction in employment and production levels has been experienced. Some measures have aimed at mitigating the impact in the zones, first through support for production, early retirement etc… and then with actions on the territory, i.e., through the provision of infrastructure. However, an alternative industry has not been created, i.e., a development model which absorbs the unemployed workers and avoids the economic downturn in the mining areas. The support measures have rather solved sporadically the problem of those being unemployed through income transfers, but not by relocating them in an alternative activity. Many miners are not only worried about their jobs but about the future of their children and this has not been addressed. There seems to have been an excessive emphasis on the provision of public infrastructure rather than encouraging directly the setting up of alternative industries which are both economically and socioeconomically sustainable in the long term. This is certainly a mistake to be avoided in the future. One lesson is that, once it is decided to phase out coal, governments should try to manage the negative socioeconomic and distributional effects in the most appropriate manner, e.g., both by compensating workers and creating alternative industries which provide a brighter outlook for the negatively affected regions.-
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