南威尔士煤炭开采的终结:工业转型的经验教训The End of Coal Mining in South Wales: Lessons learned from industrial transfor
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本次英国南威尔士煤炭开采案例研究是对国际可持续发展研究所(IISD)和国家发改委中国能源研究所承担项目的贡献。案例研究探讨了政府和民间社会采取的行动,以减轻煤炭工业的收缩后果,并找出可能适用于计划从煤炭开采在山西,中国过渡的影响。 这项案例研究回顾了南威尔士煤矿开采的经济和政治背景,也被称为“山谷”。它简要描述了煤矿开采的起源,从19世纪80年代工业革命期间的快速增长,20世纪30年代经济萧条期间的严重收缩,以及第二次世界大战期间复苏,1990年代逐渐但不可逆转地衰落并最终消失,然后审查采矿和关闭煤矿的显著社会和社区后果,工会的重大影响以及政府通过区域政策应对失业和经济衰退的努力。报告审查了包括威尔士开发署在内的各机构为减轻关闭矿井的后果所做的工作,并审查了欧洲联盟基金为此目的所作的贡献。 尽管政策无法抵消南威尔士工业衰退的社会影响,但案例研究确实提供了一些迹象,说明如何在面临重大工业变革和调整的其他矿区开发缓解方案。一个关键的结论是,需要制定一项全面的应对措施,其中包括产生经济活动、改善基础设施、保持社会凝聚力和建立有效机构来执行应对措施的措施。 政府及其许多交付机构的经验为南威尔士前矿业社区的经济转型带来了巨大的挑战。但或许最重要的教训是,全球经济因素的强大影响,以及需要建立一批关键的当地技能和应变能力,以应对关闭煤矿和随后的经济变化。
This case study of coal mining in South Wales in the United Kingdom is a contribution to project undertaken by the International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Chinese Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission. The case study explores the impact of actions taken by government and civil society to mitigate the consequences of the coal industry’s contraction, and to identify lessons that might be applicable to the planned transition away from coal mining in Shanxi Province, China. The case study reviews the economic and political context of coal mining in South Wales, also known as “the Valleys.” It outlines the contemporary challenges by briefly describing the origins of coal mining, its rapid growth from the 1880s during the industrial revolution, its severe contraction during the economic depression of the 1930s, its resurgence during the Second World War, and its gradual but irreversible decline and eventual disappearance in the 1990s. It then examines the pronounced social and community consequences of mining and the closure of collieries, the significant impact of unionized labour and the efforts of government to counter unemployment and economic decline through regional policy. It examines the work of institutions, including the Welsh Development Agency, to mitigate the consequences of pit closure and reviews the contribution of European Union funds for this purpose. Despite the inability of policy to offset the social impacts of industrial decline in South Wales, the case study does provide some indication of how mitigation options can be developed in other mining areas facing major industrial change and realignment. A key finding is the need to develop a comprehensive response that includes measures that generate economic activity, improve infrastructure, maintain social cohesion and establish effective institutions to implement the response. The experience of government and its many delivery bodies gave rise to considerable lessons regarding the challenges of transforming the economy of former mining communities in South Wales. But perhaps the overarching lesson is the powerful influence of global economic factors and the need to establish a critical mass of local skills and resilience to respond to both the closure of collieries and subsequent economic changes.
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