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波兰煤矿部门的重组与1989年开始的一般政治和经济改革直接相关。关闭利润最低的煤矿、减少煤炭产量和该行业的劳动力规模，是这一过程中相对成功的部分，特别是在最初的十年。主要的失败是，尽管进行了多次债务调整，但该行业仍然缺乏盈利能力。在这一时期被广泛认为是最成功的工具（采矿社会一揽子计划）并没有防止巨大的社会成本，主要是前矿工的不活动或失业。尽管矿区恢复了相对繁荣，但选定的当地社区仍然遭受失业、贫困或社会排斥的痛苦。 在第一节中，我们概述了波兰煤炭行业的重要性，并简要描述了从19世纪1日到20世纪末，煤炭行业作为当今波兰的一部分的发展。在第二部分中，我们重点介绍了1989年开始并持续至今的煤炭行业转型的主要经济趋势。我们解释了它的政治背景，并提出了解决政府项目中主要问题的方法。我们评估这一进程的主要政治行动者的作用和所实施的改革。我们认为，尽管有些转型成果是显著的，但整个过程既不能最终完成，也不能取得成功。在第三部分中，我们讨论了矿业社会福利和矿业公社特权两种工具。2矿业社会福利在减少就业和减少煤矿数量方面特别有效。矿业公社的特权为矿业结构调整提供了一个新的局面，矿业结构调整开始被视为对矿区经济的挑战。这两项文书尽管都有积极的方面，但也有重大缺陷。在最后一节中，我们提出了如何克服这些不足，以改进重组的建议。 一
The restructuring of the coal mining sector in Poland is directly linked with the general political and economic reforms that started in 1989. The closing of the least profitable collieries, reduction of coal production and the size of the workforce in the sector were relatively successful parts of this process, especially during its first decade. The main failure was the sector’s continued lack of profitability, despite numerous debt adjustments. The instrument which is widely recognized as the most successful during that period (the Mining Social Package) did not prevent substantial social costs, mostly inactivity or unemployment among former miners. Although the mining regions regained a relative prosperity, selected local communities still suffer from unemployment, poverty or social exclusion. In the first section, we outline the importance of the coal sector in Poland and briefly describe its development as a part of today’s Poland from the 19th century1 until the end of the 20th. In the second section, we focus on the main economic trends of the coal sector transformation that began in 1989 and continues today. We explain its political context and present approaches to the main problems adopted in governmental programs. We assess the role of the main political actors of that process and the reforms implemented. We argue that, although some of the transformation outcomes are remarkable, the overall process can be seen as neither finalized nor successful. In the third section, we discuss two instruments—the Mining Social Package and special privileges for the mining communes.2 The Mining Social Package was particularly effective in reducing employment and the number of collieries. The privileges for the mining communes offered a new situation in which mining restructuring started to be perceived as a challenge for the economy of mining regions. Both instruments, despite their positive aspects, turned out to also have significant deficiencies. In the last section, we offer suggestions on how these deficiencies can be overcome to improve the restructuring. 1
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