石油价格下跌对委内瑞拉的影响Impact of the Decline in Oil Prices on Venezuela
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- 更新时间:2021-09-17
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虽然自2014年年中以来的油价暴跌给大多数石油出口国的经济带来了压力,但委内瑞拉在同行中却脱颖而出,成为受冲击最严重的国家之一。由于油价坚挺、国际利率较低的时期相对较长,在经历了美国历史上一些最有利的经济条件的十年之后,在过去一年油价下跌之前,中国已经陷入了经济困境。乌戈查韦斯总统(1999年至2012年)利用高油价带来的收入极大地促进了国内消费,提高了国内外的实力,同时积累了外债,没有产生任何显著的生产性投资增长。他的继任者尼古拉斯马杜罗(Nicols Maduro)不愿意做出形势所要求的艰难决定,造成灾难性的经济后果。中国比以往任何时候都更依赖石油,但石油工业状况不佳,产量下降,利润率下降。2013年以来,石油政策更加务实,对投资者更加友好,但短期内不太可能带来显著成效。当油价大幅下跌、国家资金紧张时,石油行业的问题趋势很难逆转。尽管如此,如果委内瑞拉能够在政治上稳定下来,并改善体制和政策环境,它非凡的资源禀赋仍然提供了重大机遇。
While the collapse in oil prices since mid-2014 has stressed the economies of the majority of oil exporting nations, Venezuela stands out as one of the hardest hit among its peers. After a decade of some of the most favorable economic conditions in the nation’s history thanks to a relatively prolonged period of strong oil prices and low international interest rates, the country was already in difficult economic straits before the oil price drop over the past year. President Hugo Chvez (1999–2012) used the income from high oil prices to dramatically boost domestic consumption and to increase his power at home and abroad, while building up foreign debt and without generating any significant rise in productive investment. His successor, Nicols Maduro, has been unwilling to take the tough decisions that the situation demands, with disastrous economic consequences. The country is more dependent on oil than ever, but the oil industry is in poor condition with production declining and margins thinning. Since 2013, oil policy has become more pragmatic and investor friendly, but it is unlikely to bring significant results in the short term. The problematic trends in the oil sector are hard to reverse when oil prices have significantly declined and the country is strapped for cash. Still Venezuela’s extraordinary resource endowment offers significant opportunities if the country can be politically stabilized and the institutional and policy environment improve.
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