储备基础贷款与页岩油气金融前景RESERVE BASE LENDING AND THE OUTLOOK FOR SHALE OIL AND GAS FINANCE
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美国石油产量增长74%,从2009年的540万桶/日增至2015年的940万桶/日,1页岩油推动了超过92%的增长。2 2009年至2014年美国页岩油气产量的快速增长与历史上低利率和持续高油价的时期有关。在这五年期间,低成本债务的轻易获得帮助推动了页岩革命;北美勘探和生产公司(E&Ps)用数十亿的有担保和无担保债务为其现金流赤字提供资金。自2014年年中以来,油价大幅下跌,迫使企业进行调整。大量文献研究了它们在面对石油和天然气价格下跌时的弹性,以及它们通过节约成本和提高生产率来保护利润率的聪明才智。3然而,利率在价格下跌的整个过程中一直相对较低,尽管它们最近开始缓慢上升。该行业在面对低价时学会了降低运营成本后,能否克服进一步大幅提高利率的额外挑战,仍是一个未经检验的问题。虽然评论员广泛地注意到页岩油勘探与生产公司借贷成本增加的风险,但还没有对加息对银行业影响的具体方式进行了深入研究。 页岩油气公司面临的利率波动与其融资方式有关,与传统的油气公司不同,传统的油气公司资金雄厚,且大部分是自筹资金,页岩公司往往杠杆率很高。许多中小型页岩油气勘探与生产公司(E&P)通常被评级机构标准普尔(Standard&Poor's)和穆迪(Moody's)评为投资级以下,这使得它们进入债务市场的成本与投资级公司相比相对较高,特别是当低油价给利润率带来压力时,在这种情况下,被称为储备基础贷款(RBL)的融资结构特别有助于该行业获得低成本的银行债务融资,从而允许页岩中众多中小企业的崛起和扩张。在保护贷款人抵押品的同时,RBL结构为石油和天然气储量的开采和扩张提供资金。
US oil production rose 74 percent, from 5.4 million barrels per day in 2009 to 9.4 million barrels per day in 2015,1 with shale oil driving more than 92 percent of the growth.2 The rapid expansion of shale oil and gas production in the United States from 2009 to 2014 has been associated with a period of historically low interest rates and sustainedhighoilprices.Overthatfive-yearperiod,easyaccesstolow-costdebthelpedfueltheshalerevolution;NorthAmericanexplorationandproductioncompanies(E&Ps)fundedtheircash-flowdeficitswithbillionsinsecured and unsecured debt. Since mid-2014, oil prices have dramatically declined, forcing companies to adjust. An extensive body of literature has examined their resilience in the face of lower oil and gas prices and their ingenuity inprotectingprofitmarginsthroughcostsavingsandproductivitygains.3 Interest rates, however, have remained relatively depressed throughout the price decline, though they have recently started to creep up. Whether the industry, having learned to reduce operating costs in the face of low prices, could overcome the additional challenge of a significantfurtherincreaseininterestratesremainsanunexaminedquestion.Whilecommentatorshavenotedinbroad terms the risk of an increase in borrowing costs for shale E&P companies, there has not been any notable indepthstudyofthespecificwaysinwhichhigherinterestrateswouldimpactthesector.Suchaninvestigationisthepurpose of this paper. Theexposureofshaleoilandgascompaniestointerest-ratefluctuationsistiedtotheirformoffinancing.Unlikeconventionaloilandgascompanies,whicharetraditionallydeep-pocketedandlargelyself-financed,shalecompaniestend to be deeply leveraged. Many small and midsize shale oil and gas exploration and production companies (E&Ps) are typically rated below investment grade by the rating agencies, Standard & Poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s, which makes their access to debt markets relatively expensive compared with investment-grade companies, especially when low oilpricesputprofitmarginsunderpressure.Inthiscontext,thefinancingstructureknownasReserveBaseLending(RBL)hasbeenparticularlyinstrumentalinprovidingthesectorwithaccesstolow-costbankdebtfinancings,allowing the rise and expansion of numerous small and midsize players in shale. While protecting lenders’ collateral, RBL structure provides funds for the drilling and expansion of oil and gas reserves.
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