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低油价：燃油补贴改革的机遇LOW OIL PRICES: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR FUEL SUBSIDY REFORM 低油价：燃油补贴改革的机遇LOW OIL PRICES: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR FUEL SUBSIDY REFORM

低油价：燃油补贴改革的机遇LOW OIL PRICES: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR FUEL SUBSIDY REFORM

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  • 更新时间：2021-09-17
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2014年年中开始的油价下跌为各国政府提供了改革燃油补贴的机会。人为地降低消费价格的化石燃料补贴估计每年花费全球政府大约5000亿美元。这些补贴对一个鼓励浪费性消费的经济体产生了一系列负面影响，给发展中国家的预算造成了巨大的财政负担，不成比例地使富裕家庭受益，并增加了与矿物燃料使用有关的健康和环境成本。因此，对这些补贴进行改革可能对经济和环境都有好处。印度尼西亚和马来西亚最近的改革表明，政府可以利用较低的价格，迅速采取行动取消燃料补贴。虽然这些国家的政府之前已经改变了燃料的管制价格，但它们最近的一些改革已经完全取消了燃料补贴机制。本文有三个目标。首先，它解释了取消燃油补贴的好处，以及低油价如何促成行动。其次，在前人研究和现有文献的基础上，总结了我国政治体制改革的主要障碍。最后，它为国家和国际决策者以及社会科学家提供了一个建设性的、面向行动的议程。简而言之，本文发现：

The decline in oil prices that began in the middle of 2014 presents an opportunity for governments to reform their fuel subsidies. Fossil fuel subsidies that artificially lower consumer prices are estimated to cost governments around the globe approximately $500 billion per year. These subsidies have a host of negative effects on an economy—encouraging wasteful consumption, creating a large fiscal burden on developing country budgets, disproportionately benefiting wealthier households, and increasing the health and environmental costs associated with fossil fuel use. Therefore, reforms to these subsidies can be good for the economy and the environment. Recent reforms by Indonesia and Malaysia illustrate that governments can capitalize on lower prices and act swiftly to remove fuel subsidies. While these governments have changed the regulated prices of fuels before, some of their recent reforms have removed fuel subsidy mechanisms altogether. This paper has three goals. First, it explains the benefits of fuel subsidy removal and how low oil prices can enable action. Second, it summarizes key lessons about political obstacles to reform based on our original research and the existing literature. Finally, it offers a constructive, action-oriented agenda for national and international policymakers, as well as social scientists. In short, the paper finds the following:

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