到2020年的缓慢航行:海上运输和燃料的创新和惯性SLOW STEAMING TO 2020: INNOVATION AND INERTIA IN MARINE TRANSPORT AND FUELS
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有关“石油需求高峰”的讨论往往侧重于乘用车,通常是从美国和欧洲的角度出发,而忽略了其他市场,例如海运,如果石油消费整体上达到拐点,这些市场也需要显示出需求的减少。这份报告探讨了海运燃料市场的前景,根据估计,这一利基市场占需求桶的7%。它的重点是新的环境限制的影响,旨在大幅减少船舶的硫氧化物(SOX)排放从2020年1月起,使他们反对过去的创新背景,这已重塑船舶燃料消耗模式,并评估其可能影响未来的创新在该行业。 在新的“全球硫排放上限”之前,船东可选择的三个主要合规方案中,有两个安装了“洗涤器”,用于收集托运人当前选择的燃料——高硫燃料油(HSFO)的SOx排放量,从油基燃料转换为液化天然气(LNG)比第三种更为资本密集,需要更先进的规划,从HSFO转换为低硫产品,如低硫燃料油(LSFO)或船用天然气油(MGO)。分析人士估计,大多数船运商会选择使用低硫燃料,但他们担心,对这些燃料的需求上升将与炼油能力限制相抵触,并导致价格飙升,可能蔓延到其他市场,尤其是柴油甚至原油。一些分析人士认为,延期可能有助于行业更好地为新规定做好准备。本报告对这些发现提出质疑。
Discussions of “peak oil demand” tend to focus of passenger vehicles, often from a US and European perspective, and they ignore other markets, such as marine transport, which collectively would also need to show a reduction in demand if oil consumption as a whole were to reach an inflection point. This report explores the outlook for marine bunkers, a niche market that accounts, depending on estimates, for up to 7 percent of the demand barrel. It focuses on the impact of new environmental restrictions that aim to drastically reduce sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions from ships as of January 2020, placing them against the background of past innovations that have been reshaping ships’ fuel consumption patterns and assessing their likely impact on future innovation in the sector. Of the three main compliance options available to ship owners ahead of the new “global sulfur cap,” two—installing “scrubbers” to capture SOx emissions from shippers’ current fuel of choice, high-sulfur fuel oil (HSFO), and switching from oil-based bunker fuels to liquefied natural gas (LNG)—are more capital intensive and require more advanced planning than the third, switching from HSFO to lower-sulfur products, such as low-sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) or marine gas oil (MGO). Analysts reckon that most shippers will opt to run low-sulfur fuels, but they fear that rising demand for these fuels will bump against refining capacity limits and cause price spikes that might spread to other markets, notably diesel and even crude oil. Some analysts have suggested that delays could help the industry better prepare for the new rules. This report challenges these findings.
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