俄亥俄州、宾夕法尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州的工资、就业和STEM教育Wages, Employment, and STEM Education in VOhio, Pennsylvania, and Wes

自2000年以来，水平钻井和水力压裂的结合提供了获取大量以前无法开采或无法开采的石油和天然气的途径（美国能源情报署，2016d），新能源供应激增：如图1所示，美国干气页岩产量从2002年的23亿立方英尺/天增加到2016年的423亿立方英尺/天。马塞勒斯和尤蒂卡页岩区块的天然气产量增长最为明显，这些区块延伸至马里兰州、纽约、俄亥俄州、宾夕法尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州。从2010年到2015年，马塞勒斯和尤蒂卡页岩区块的天然气开采行业从每天5亿立方英尺增长到每天190亿立方英尺以上。从2016年1月到9月，产量保持不变

Since 2000, the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has provided access to large volumes of oil and natural gas that were previously unproftable or impossible to extract (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016d).1 Tese new technologies and techniques, in turn, produced a boom in supply of new energy sources: As illustrated in Figure 1, dry gas shale production in the United States increased from 2.3 billion cubic feet per day in 2002 to 42.3 billion cubic feet per day in 2016. Te increase in natural gas production was most pronounced in the Marcellus and Utica shale plays, which extend under the states of Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. From 2010 to 2015, the natural gas extraction industry in the Marcellus and Utica shale plays grew from a half billion cubic feet per day to over 19 billion cubic feet per day. From January through September 2016, the output remained