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性别与化石燃料补贴改革:研究现状Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Current status of research 性别与化石燃料补贴改革:研究现状Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Current status of research

性别与化石燃料补贴改革:研究现状Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Current status of research

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  • 更新时间:2021-09-20
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本研究计画旨在探讨矿物燃料津贴改革对孟加拉、印度及尼日利亚贫穷妇女的影响。这份初步的范围界定报告没有发现对化石燃料补贴改革的性别差异影响问题进行初步的定量研究。然而,有大量的文献与能源获取和性别有关;围绕能源补贴、获取和对穷人的影响的研究日益增多;关于太阳能、炉灶和性别的研究日益增多;评估有针对性的现金转移的研究(有时用作能源部门改革的缓解措施)从性别角度来看。报告首先提供了能源补贴、能源获取和性别赋权的全球情况,作为研究的背景,对文献进行了探讨。然后,它审查了有关获得能源和赋予性别权力(第3.1节)、矿物燃料补贴和性别(第3.1.1节)、补贴改革和性别(第3.1.2节)以及现金转移和有针对性的能源干预等缓解措施(第3.2节)的文献。最后,概述了能源补贴和改革对该项目三个重点国家性别的影响:尼日利亚(第3.3.1节)、印度(第3.3.2节)和孟加拉国(第3.3.3节)。秘鲁、墨西哥和摩洛哥对能源补贴的影响、其改革和潜在的有针对性的缓解妇女机会的案例也包括在附录I中。文献综述揭示了能源补贴的影响、能源部门改革的影响以及与之相关的可行或适当的缓解措施。任何改革都是因地制宜的。尽管如此,有力的证据表明,在许多国家,相当一部分补贴福利是由富裕家庭获得的,这表明,如果期望的政策目标是将收入和获得能源的福利瞄准生活贫穷的男女,那么能源补贴效率低下的普遍现象就会出现。因此,研究涵盖了广泛的燃料类型和潜在的干预措施,从收入、能源使用和能源供应对性别的影响的角度对这些措施进行了调查(关于可能的影响,见图ES1)。文献综述综合了国家项目伙伴在该项目的三个重点国家进行的更全面的研究:孟加拉国的孟加拉国发展研究所(BIDS)、印度的综合研究与发展行动(IRADe)和尼日利亚的变革空间(S4C)。它还基于国际可持续发展研究所(可持续发展研究所)全球补贴倡议对性别和能源部门改革的文献以及探索这一领域的可能方法进行的全球审查。然后,报告从妇女福利、生产力和赋权的角度,提出了该项目下一阶段工作的主要研究问题和分问题。随后的研究将侧重于具体的燃料类型,包括煤油(孟加拉国和尼日利亚用于照明和烹饪)和液化石油气(印度用于烹饪)。所有这些国家都已经或将要经历这些燃料的能源部门改革(例如,印度的液化石油气在2015年,尼日利亚的煤油在2016年),并可能视世界石油价格波动(例如,孟加拉国的煤油在2015年)而将补贴作为预算支出项目出现或消失。其中两个国家(印度直接向液化石油气和Pratyaksha Hastaantarit-Laab计划转让利益,尼日利亚实施补贴再投资和赋权方案)实施了具体的缓解措施,以减少由于补贴改革而对整个人口造成的物价上涨的影响。这项研究的重点是有关键能源获取问题的国家,以及政府目前正在设计和实施实质性能源部门改革的国家。我们希望,这项研究的结果将使各国政府能够了解能源部门改革政策的执行情况,并作出明智的选择,改善妇女的发展成果。这项研究审查了矿物燃料补贴及其改革对性别的可能影响,以及如何更好地针对和分配补贴,以增强性别赋权,并在未来造福于贫穷妇女。

This research project aims to investigate the impacts from fossil fuel subsidy reform on poor women in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria. This initial scoping report finds no primary, quantitative research on the question of the gender-differentiated impact of fossil fuel subsidy reforms. However, there is a large body of literature linked to energy access and gender; growing research surrounding energy subsidies, access and impacts on the poor; growing research regarding solar energy and cook stoves and gender; and a body of research assessing targeted cash transfers (sometimes used as mitigation measures to energy sector reform) from a gender perspective. The report explores the literature by first providing a global picture of energy subsidies, energy access and gender empowerment as background to the research. It then reviews the literature regarding access to energy and gender empowerment (Section 3.1), fossil fuel subsidies and gender (Section 3.1.1), subsidy reforms and gender (Section 3.1.2), and mitigation measures such as cash transfers and targeted energy interventions (Section 3.2). Finally, it provides an overview of energy subsidies and reform with implications for gender across this project’s three focus countries: Nigeria (Section 3.3.1), India (Section 3.3.2) and Bangladesh (Section 3.3.3). Case studies on Peru, Mexico and Morocco on the impact of energy subsidies, their reform and potential targeted mitigation opportunities for women are also included in Appendix I. The literature review reveals that the impacts of energy subsidies, the impacts of energy sector reform, and workable or appropriate mitigation measures associated with any reforms are extremely context specific. Nonetheless, strong evidence indicates that in many countries a significant proportion of subsidy benefits are captured by well-off households, suggesting a general phenomenon of energy subsidy inefficiency if the desired policy objective is to target income and energy access benefits to women and men living in poverty. As a result, the research covers a broad range of fuel types and potential interventions, investigating these from the perspective of income, energy use and energy supply effects on gender (see Figure ES1 for a summary of likely impacts). The literature review synthesises a fuller body of research undertaken by national project partners in this project’s three focus countries: the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) in Bangladesh, Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe) in India, and Spaces for Change (S4C) in Nigeria. It is also based on a global review by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) on the literature on gender and energy sector reform and possible methodologies for exploring this area. The report then sets out the main research questions and sub-questions for the next phase of work in this project, through the lens of women’s welfare, productivity and empowerment. Subsequent research will focus on specific fuel types, including kerosene (for lighting and cooking in Bangladesh and Nigeria) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, for cooking in India). All of these countries have undergone or will experience energy sector reforms in these fuels (for example, LPG in India in 2015, and kerosene in Nigeria in 2016) and may see subsidies appear or disappear as an item of budgetary expenditure depending on world oil price fluctuations (for example, kerosene in Bangladesh in 2015). Two of these countries (India with the Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG and Pratyaksha Hastaantarit Laab schemes, and Nigeria with the Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Programme) implemented specific mitigation measures to reduce the impact of rising prices due to subsidy reform across the population. This research is focused in countries with key energy access issues, and in countries where governments are currently designing and implementing substantial energy sector reforms. We hope that the outcomes from this research will enable governments to understand and make informed choices regarding energy sector reform policy implementation and improved development outcomes for women. This research reviews the likely impacts from fossil fuel subsidies and their reform on gender, as well as how subsidies can be better targeted and distributed to increase gender empowerment and for the benefit of poor women in the future.

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