资料简介
2014年12月底，印度尼西亚对化石燃料补贴进行了重大改革：取消汽油补贴，但爪哇岛、巴厘岛和马杜拉岛以外的分销成本除外，并对柴油实行每升1000印尼盾的“固定”补贴。与此同时，世界石油价格暴跌。这些变化共同导致了大规模的财政储蓄，相当于2.11万亿印尼盾（156亿美元）：占国家支出的10%以上。这项研究调查了两个核心问题：这些储蓄在哪里重新分配？新的支出对印尼的发展是否比补贴更好？报告认为，印度尼西亚的燃料补贴改革和重新分配是改善公共支出的一个重大步骤。
Almost alAt the very end of December 2014, Indonesia introduced major reforms to its fossil fuel subsidies: removing subsidies to gasoline, except for distribution costs outside of the central islands of Java, Bali and Madura and introducing a “fixed” subsidy of IDR 1,000 per litre for diesel. At the same time, world oil prices plummeted. Together, these changes led to massive fiscal savings, equal to IDR 211 trillion (US$ 15.6 billion): over 10 per cent of state expenditure. This study investigates two central questions: Where were these savings reallocated? And is the new expenditure doing a better job for Indonesia’s development than subsidies? It concludes that fuel subsidy reform and reallocation in Indonesia have been a major step forward in improving public expenditure.l of Nunavut’s electricity is currently generated from fossil fuels, resulting in great expenses for the Government of Nunavut (GN), in part through a number of programs that incentivize or support the consumption of fossil fuels in one way or another. As part of its ongoing effort to demonstrate the viability of renewable energy in the Canadian Arctic, World Wildlife Fund Canada (WWF-Canada) commissioned IISD to map these policies, in order to better comprehend Nunavut’s unique energy system. Through that process, two main categories of policies were identified: first, in Nunavut, an arms-length government agency, the Petroleum Products Division (PPD) is responsible for purchasing, importing and distributing all of the fuel consumed in the territory. Every year, the PPD is mandated to break even in its operations, meaning that it should sell the fuel it purchases to Nunavummiut at the correct price to prevent any structural deficit or surplus and adjust its prices over time accordingly. Technically, the fuel sold by the PPD is not a subsidy. However, the GN, along with other arms-length government agencies such as the Qulliq Power Corporation (QEC) and the Nunavut Housing Corporation (NHC), has programs and policies in place that do subsidize fossil fuel consumption by Nunavummiut, primarily for heating and electricity purposes to assist with high fuel and living costs. Between 2012 and 2016, conservative estimates find that an annual average of CAD 60.5 million was allocated as support to Nunavummiut for their fossil fuel consumption, with the caveat that some policies could be identified, yet impossible to quantify. With this mapping exercise complete, IISD, building on a renewable energy deployment study prepared for WWF-Canada by the University of Waterloo Institute of Sustainable Energy (Das & Canizares, 2016), estimated the cost of electricity generation in Nunavut over the next 20 years (2016–2036) under three different scenarios for five Nunavummiut communities: Arviat, Baker Lake, Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet and Sanikiluaq. First, IISD outlined the average annual electricity generation costs based on current and projected levels of energy consumption provided by Das & Canizares, given that 100 per cent of electricity generation in Nunavut currently comes from diesel fuel. Second, IISD modelled the implementation of a carbon price in Nunavut based on the Pan-Canadian Framework for Clean Growth and Climate Change, which outlines that with the implementation of a carbon tax, from 2022 each tonne of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across Canada would cost CAD 50. Third, a last scenario was modelled in which the RE penetration would also bring about GHG emissions reduction in each community, bringing down the energy costs provided that the carbon cost of electricity generation would also be reduced. Energy modelling shows that a concerted effort at renewable energy penetration could reduce GHG emissions by between 26.17 per cent and 74.24 per cent in the five communities of interest over the next two decades, and the potential associated carbon costs by as much. In conclusion, adopting RE in Nunavut may be accompanied by a reduction in the cost of electricity generation simply by reducing the GHG emissions of the territory if some form of carbon price were adopted.
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