可持续基础设施合同Contracts for Sustainable Infrastructure
- 资料类别:
- 资料大小:
- 资料编号:
- 资料状态:
- 更新时间:2021-09-25
- 下载次数:次
包括交通、电力、电信、水和卫生设施在内的基础设施对可持续发展至关重要。基础设施的限制限制限制了生产力和就业、市场、医疗和教育的机会,而高质量的基础设施推动了经济增长和社会福利。可持续发展目标(SDG)9——“建设有弹性的基础设施,[重点补充]促进包容性和可持续的工业化,促进创新”——明确承认基础设施是可持续发展的关键驱动力(联合国,2017年)。还需要基础设施投资,以实现可持续发展目标11(使城市和人类住区包容、安全、有弹性和可持续)、13(采取紧急行动应对气候变化及其影响)和其他目标(Casier,2015年)。无论是在减少温室气体排放方面,还是在适应气候变化的影响方面,《巴黎气候变化协定》的成功在很大程度上取决于基础设施投资(Garemo,Hjerpe,Mischke,Palter&Woetzel,2016;New climate Economy[NCE],2016;Vaughan,2017)。 为了实现可持续发展目标和气候变化目标,需要升级和建设的基础设施必须是可持续的,也就是说,必须专门设计来减轻经济、社会和环境风险,并产生经济、社会和环境共同效益。传统的项目融资评估方法忽略了这些长期风险和共同利益。从更高的前期资本成本等因素来看,它们将可持续基础设施描述为比通常的替代方案更不具财务吸引力,并导致对可持续基础设施的投资不足。然而,现代生命周期评估方法适当地确定和定价了非可持续基础设施的可持续性相关风险和影响以及可持续基础设施更广泛的长期共同利益,使人信服地认为,可持续基础设施不仅对人和环境有利,但也有商业意义(国际可持续发展研究所,2017年;国际金融公司,2017年;全球基础设施巴塞尔基金会,2017年)。 传统采购和公私伙伴关系(ppp)是政府可能采用的基础设施项目结构模式之一。在两者之间作出决定时,各国政府应定期对采购方案进行严格评估,并选择为公民创造最高性价比的方案。这一选择将产生“一个政府判断为数量、质量、特点和价格(即成本)的最佳组合,在项目的整个生命周期中都是预期的(有时,但并不总是计算出来的)”(Burger&Hawkesworth,2011,第2页)。 如果采购选择权测试表明购买力平价的性价比最高,公共当局和私人实体通过分享专业知识、财务、风险和回报来交付基础设施项目,从而在中长期关系中合作(Jomo,Chowdhury,Sharma&Platz,2016)。购买力平价合同是管理这种关系的规范框架的重要组成部分,在公共机构和私人实体之间分配责任和风险。为了使购买力平价能够促进可持续基础设施的发展,政府和私营部门必须确保可持续性标准从项目一开始就嵌入到项目中,并适当反映在购买力平价合同中。 世界银行集团《关于购买力平价合同条款的指南》(世界银行集团,2017年)2017年版提供了各国政府可能采用的购买力平价合同语言样本。然而,正如Foley Hoag LLP(2017年)编写的总结意见所指出的,该指南经常提出建议,限制旨在实现可持续发展目标的政府措施,并错失了考虑基础设施项目如何促进可持续发展的机会。作为对Foley Hoag LLP(2017)分析的补充,本文的目标是抓住世界银行集团指引错过的机会。 下一节对可持续基础设施进行了定义,并描述了其预期特征和共同效益,从而概述了应予以考虑并有助于确保基础设施项目可持续性的要素。第3节是本文的核心讨论,即政府为什么必须以及如何将可持续性纳入基础设施合同。第4节提出最后意见和建议。
Infrastructure—including transportation, electricity, telecommunications, water and sanitation—is essential to sustainable development. Infrastructure constraints limit productivity and access to jobs, markets, healthcare and education, while quality infrastructure propels economic growth and social well-being. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9—“build resilient infrastructure, [emphasis added] promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”—expressly recognizes infrastructure as a key driver of sustainable development (United Nations, 2017). Infrastructure investment will also be needed to enable the achievement of SDGs 11 (make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable), 13 (take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts) and others (Casier, 2015). Both in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and in adapting to the effects of climate change, the success of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change depends heavily on infrastructure investment (Garemo, Hjerpe, Mischke, Palter & Woetzel, 2016; New Climate Economy [NCE], 2016; Vaughan, 2017). To achieve the SDGs and climate change objectives, the infrastructure to be upgraded and built must be sustainable—that is, it must be specifically designed to mitigate economic, social and environmental risks, and to generate economic, social and environmental co-benefits. Conventional project finance valuation methodologies ignore these long-term risks and co-benefits. Looking at elements such as higher upfront capital costs, they depict sustainable infrastructure as less financially attractive than business-as-usual alternatives and lead to underinvestment in sustainable infrastructure. However, modern life-cycle assessment methodologies—which appropriately identify and price the sustainability-related risks and impacts of non-sustainable infrastructure and the broader long-term co-benefits of sustainable infrastructure—make a convincing case that sustainable infrastructure not only is better for people and the environment, but also makes business sense (International Institute for Sustainable Development [IISD], 2017; International Finance Corporation [IFC], 2017; Global Infrastructure Basel [GIB] Foundation, 2017). Traditional procurement and public–private partnerships (PPPs) are among the modes that government may adopt to structure infrastructure projects. In deciding between them, governments should routinely undertake rigorous assessments of procurement options and choose the option that creates the highest value for money for citizens. This choice would generate “what a government judges to be an optimal combination of quantity, quality, features and price (i.e., cost), expected (sometimes, but not always, calculated) over the whole of the project’s lifetime” (Burger & Hawkesworth, 2011, p. 2). Where the procurement option test suggests that a PPP yields the highest value for money, public authorities and private entities work together in a medium- to long-term relationship by sharing expertise, finance, risks and rewards to deliver infrastructure projects (Jomo, Chowdhury, Sharma & Platz, 2016). The PPP contract forms a significant part of the normative framework governing this relationship, allocating responsibilities and risks between the public authority and the private entities. For PPPs to lead to the development of sustainable infrastructure, governments and private parties must ensure that sustainability criteria are embedded in the project from its inception and appropriately reflected in the PPP contract. The 2017 edition of the World Bank Group’s Guidance on PPP Contractual Provisions (World Bank Group, 2017) presents sample contract language that governments may adopt for PPPs. However, as pointed out by the Summary Comments prepared by Foley Hoag LLP (2017), the guidance frequently offers advice that restrains government measures aimed at achieving the SDGs, and misses an opportunity to consider how infrastructure projects can contribute to sustainable development. Complementing the analysis by Foley Hoag LLP (2017), the goal of this paper is to seize the opportunity missed by the World Bank Group’s guidance. The following section defines sustainable infrastructure and describes its expected characteristics and co-benefits, thus outlining elements that should be considered and can help ensure the sustainability of infrastructure projects. Section 3 reaches the core discussion of this paper—why governments must and how they can integrate sustainability into infrastructure contracts. Section 4 presents final remarks and recommendations.-
化学工程手册(第三版套装5册第1卷2卷3卷4卷5卷)袁渭康 王静康 费维扬 欧阳平凯 著 2021-09-25
-
石油化工自动控制设计手册(第四版) 黄步余 化工出版社 2020年 2021-09-25
-
化工过程模拟实训——Aspen Plus教程(第二版)孙兰义 化学工业出版社 2017年 2021-09-25
-
化工装置实用操作技术指南 韩文光2001年化学工业出版社 2021-09-25
-
HAZOP分析方法及实践 粟镇宇 化学工业出版社2018年 2021-09-25
-
工业除尘设备设计手册 张殿印 申丽 化工出版社 2012年 2021-09-25
-
回转窑(设计、使用与维修)沈阳铝镁设计院、长沙有色冶金设计院共同编写 2021-09-25
-
加拿大煤炭开采Coal Mining in Canada 2021-09-25
-
化工节能技术手册 王文堂 2006年化学工业出版社 2021-09-25
-
年终总结新年计划工作汇报PPT模板 2021-09-25
