International Atomic Energy Agency Annual Report 2002国际原子能机构2002年度报告

The nuclear world in 2002The introductionSince its establishment 45 years ago, the iaea has been a focal point for promoting worldwide cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology, enhancing global nuclear security and ensuring compliance with international commitments to nuclear facilities and materials for peaceful purposes only through verification activities.The following is an overview of nuclear-related developments worldwide in 2002 and how they affect the work of the iaea.technologyNuclear technology for sustainable developmentThe world summit on sustainable development, held in Johannesburg in August and September, reviewed the progress made since the United Nations conference on environment and development, held in Rio DE janeiro in 1992, and renewed global commitment to sustainable development.Both the Johannesburg plan of implementation and the Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development stressed the importance of energy as an essential prerequisite for social and economic development, in stark contrast to the lack of an energy chapter in the Rio plan of action, agenda 21.In its preparations for the world summit on sustainable development, the secretariat highlighted the relevance of iaea's work on nuclear applications and its activities for sustainable development.The secretariat organized chapters on "nuclear applications and capacity-building for sustainable development" and "integrated coastal area management - issues, technologies and partnerships" at the preparatory committee meetings, and a meeting on "environmentally sound pest management" at the world summit on sustainable development.The main mechanism for promoting concrete action to achieve the goals of agenda 21 at the world summit for sustainable development is the strengthening of new partnerships among governments, industry, ngos and international organizations.Johannesburg conference announced more than 250 known as "two kind of partnership", including four partnership led by atomic energy agency (iaea), the "sustainable energy development index", "design national sustainable energy development situation", "isotope technology for sustainable water resources management and the coastal zone management" and "nuclear technology and nuclear technology to monitor and manage the benguela harmful algae" coastal areas.These partners involve a number of countries, academic institutions, international associations and organizations of the United Nations system.Nuclear knowledge management and preservationRecent trends have drawn attention to the need for better management of nuclear knowledge.One challenge is to ensure access to qualified people to inherit and even develop current levels of nuclear technology use.One concern is that valuable knowledge accumulated over the past few decades is at risk of being lost as the workforce ages.A number of national and international initiatives are under way to reverse these trends.An encouraging development in the United States, for example, is the third consecutive year of growth in the number of students enrolling in undergraduate nuclear-engineering programs.After the number of university students dropped from 1,500 in 1992 to about 450 in 1999, enrolment rose to 1,000 in 2002.South Carolina state university and the university of south Carolina also announced that they will adopt new graduate and undergraduate nuclear engineering programs.The plans would be the first of their kind in the U.S. in more than two decades.

2002年的核世界

导言

国际原子能机构成立45年来为促进核技术和平利用世界范围的合作、提高全球核安全和通 过核查活动确保核设施和核材料仅用于和平目的的国际承诺得到遵守始终发挥着协调中心的作 用。以下概述2002年世界范围与核有关的发展以及这些发展如何影响原子能机构工作的情况。

技术

促进可持续发展的核技术

“可持续发展问题世界首脑会议”于8月和9月在约翰内斯堡召开，会议审议了自1992年在 里约热内卢召开的“联合国环境与发展会议”以来所取得的进展，并再次激励全球对可持续发 展作出承诺。“约翰内斯堡执行计划”和《约翰内斯堡可持续发展宣言》均强调了能源作为社 会经济发展一个必不可少的先决条件的重要性，与里约会议行动计划《21世纪议程》中缺少能 源章节形成鲜明对照。

秘书处在“可持续发展问题世界首脑会议”的准备工作中突出强调了原子能机构的核应用 工作及其促进可持续发展活动的现实意义。秘书处在筹备委员会会议上组织了“促进可持续发 展的核应用和能力建设”和“沿海地区综合管理一一问题、技术和伙伴关系”分会，并在“可 持续发展问题世界首脑会议”上组织了 “无害环境的虫害治理”会议。

在“可持续发展问题世界首脑会议”上促进实现《21世纪议程》目标的具体行动的主要机 制是加强各国政府、业界、非政府组织和国际组织之间的新伙伴关系。约翰内斯堡会议宣布了 250多个通称为“2类伙伴关系”，其中包括由原子能机构牵头的4个伙伴关系，即“可持续能源 发展指标”、“设计国家可持续能源发展概况”、“同位素技术用于可持续水资源管理和沿海 地区管理”以及“核技术和非核技术用于监测和管理本格拉沿海地区有害藻类”。这些伙伴关 系涉及若干国家、学术机构、国际协会和联合国系统的组织。

核知识管理和保存

最近出现的一些趋势提请注意需要更好地管理核知识。一项挑战是确保能够获得继承乃至 发展目前核技术利用水平的合格人才。其中的一个关切是过去几十年中积累的宝贵知识由于职 工队伍的老化有可能丢失。目前正在采取一些国家和国际主动行动来扭转这些趋势。

例如，在美国出现的令人鼓舞的发展是大学生核工程计划的招生人数连续第三年增长。在 大学生人数从1992年的1500名降至1999年的约450名之后，2002年的招生人数上升到1000名。南 卡罗莱纳州立大学和南卡罗莱纳大学还宣布，他们将采用新的研究生和大学生核工程计划。这 些计划将是20多年来美国在该领域实行的首批这类教育计划。