International Atomic Energy Agency Annual Report 2001国际原子能机构2001年度报告

Review of the year: major issues and challengesThe iaea continued to play an important role in 2001 along the three pillars of its mission - technology, safety and verification.especiallyThis is because, through the transfer of nuclear science and technology, it has promoted sustainable development, made an important contribution to global nuclear security and gone nuclearThe cornerstone of non-proliferation.The agency's programme of activities focuses on achieving the development and transfer of peaceful nuclear technology and the establishment and maintenance of global nuclear securityThe whole regime, as well as preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and strengthening the security of nuclear materials and facilities. This chapter presents the state of the nuclear world in 2001 from an institutional perspective and Outlines its main activities and achievements.technologySustainable developmentIn 2001, as in the past, different views on nuclear power were expressed.At the 9th meeting of the commission on sustainable development in April(csd-9), the parties agreed to retain differences of opinion on the role of nuclear energy in sustainable development.Finally, the text identifies a number of statesScientists see nuclear power as an important promoter of sustainable development, while others see the two as fundamentally inconsistent.However,Finally, the parties agreed that "the choice of nuclear energy is up to each country".The conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) agreed in November to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsThe rules for implementing the 1997 Kyoto protocol (known as the Marrakesh agreement) were agreed.As far as nuclear power is concerned, nothingThe three flexible mechanisms for excluding nuclear programmes from the benefits of GHG avoidance provided by states under the Kyoto protocol are known as the "Marrakesh agreement"Two of them - the clean development mechanism and joint implementation (the third is emissions trading) - are out of the way, but this step is for nuclear actionIt is still important that the force to avoid GHG emissions has real economic value.As the specialized agency for science and technology at the heart of the UN system, the agency has always been an effective instrument in the continuous processes of the CSD and UNFCCCInterest and resources.For example, the agency contributed to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), among other thingsIn particular, it was concluded that nuclear power plants had the greatest potential for GHG mitigation in the energy sector.Agencies have also been involved in booking 2002The preparatory process for the world summit on sustainable development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in August 2002.Nuclear science and technology in areas such as agriculture,Food security, public health, industrial technology, electricity production, and the development and management of water resources are driving agenda 21Progress agreed at the 1992 United Nations conference on environment and development (Rio earth summit) (information box 1).Nuclear power worldwideNuclear power continues to be an important part of the energy mix of many countries.By the end of 2001, there were a total of nuclear power plants in operation438, equivalent to a total capacity of 353 GW (electricity), have accumulated operating experience of more than 10,000 reactor years, accounting for about 16 per cent of global electricity generation.thisTwo new plants came on stream in a year.Although nuclear power is mainly provided by the industrialized countries, 32 new power plants are under constructionOf these, 31 are in Asia or in central and eastern Europe.In the case of existing nuclear power plants, the most obvious recent trends are through improved operational practices, engineering support, strategic management, and fuel supplyThe disposal of spent fuel has steadily increased the availability factor.These improvements reduce power generation costs and improve safety.Cumulative effectThe increase in availability during the 1990s was equivalent to building 28 new nuclear plants, each with a capacity of 1, 000mwFactory.Among the countries where 2001 operational data are available are Argentina, Brazil, the Czech republic, Germany, India, the republic of Korea and SpainJamaica, the Russian federation, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States have all increased their nuclear power production to record levels.

回顾这一年：主要问题和挑战 国际原子能机构在2001年继续按照其使命中的三大支柱——技术、安全及核查发挥重要作用。尤 其是，它通过核科学和技术的转让促进了可持续发展、为全球核安全作出了重要贡献，而且起到了核 不扩散的奠基石作用。机构的活动计划注重于：实现和平核技术的开发和转让、建立和维护全球核安 全体制，以及防止核武器扩散和加强核材料与核设施的保安。 这一章从机构的角度介绍2001年“核世界”现状，并概述其主要活动和成就。 技 术 可持续发展 2001年内，和过去一样对核动力表达了各种不同的看法。4月份，在可持续发展委员会第9次会议 （CSD-9）上，有关各方同意保留有关核能在可持续发展方面作用的意见分歧。最后文本指出一些国 家认为核能是可持续发展的一个重要促进者，而另一些国家则认为这两者之间基本上是不一致的。然 而，有关各方终于达成如下一致意见，即“对核能的选择由各国自行决定”。 《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）缔约方会议于11月份就有关限制温室气体（GHG）排 放的《1997年京都议定书》的实施规则（被称为“Marrakesh协议”）达成一致意见。就核能而言，尽 管“Marrakesh协议”将核方案排除在《京都议定书》所载由国家提供避免GHG的收益三项灵活机制 中的两项——清洁发展机制和联合实施（第三项机制是排放量贸易）——之外，但这一步骤对于核动 力避免GHG排放具有实际经济价值仍是十分重要的。 机构作为UN系统内核科学和技术的专门机构，在CSD和UNFCCC连续进程中始终是一个有效的信 息资源。例如，机构为政府间气候变化小组（IPCC）第三份评定报告作出了贡献，该报告除其他事项 外尤其得出这样的结论，即核动力厂在能源部门缓解GHG方面潜力最大。机构也一直在参与预定2002 年8月在约翰内斯堡举行的“可持续发展世界峰会”（WSSD）筹备过程。核科学和技术在诸如农业、 食品安全、公共卫生、工业技术、电力生产以及水资源开发和管理等领域大大推动了21世纪议程—— 在1992年联合国环境和发展大会（里约地球峰会）上议定的——方面的进展（资料框1）。 世界范围的核动力 核动力继续是许多国家能源组合中的一个重要部分。到2001年年底，正在运行的核动力厂共有 438座，相当于353 GW（电）的总容量，累积运行经验已超过10 000堆年，占全球发电量约16％。这 一年间有2座新电厂投产。尽管核动力主要是由各个工业化国家提供的，但是目前在建的32个新电厂 中有31个分布在亚洲或在中欧和东欧地区。 就现有核动力厂来说，近来最明显的趋势是：通过改进运行实践、工程支持、战略管理、燃料供 应和乏燃料处置使可利用因子有了稳步提高。这些改进减少了发电成本并提高了安全性。其累积影响 是很明显的——在90年代期间，增加的可利用率其数量相当于建造28个各为1000 MW（电）的新核电 厂。在可获得2001年运行数据的国家中，阿根廷、巴西、捷克共和国、德国、印度、大韩民国、西班 牙、俄罗斯联邦、瑞士、乌克兰和美国都增加了各自的核电生产并达到创记录水平。