IAEA Annual Report 2012IAEA2012年度报告

1. In 2012, the iaea continued to play an important role.In accordance with its statutory mandate to "accelerate and expand the contribution of atomic energy to world peace, health and prosperity", iaea has focused on the following: development and transfer of peaceful nuclear technology to member states;Promote the strengthening of the global nuclear security framework and the security of nuclear materials and facilities;And preventing the spread of nuclear weapons.This review looks at the state of the "nuclear world" in 2012 from the perspective of the iaea.Nuclear technologyNuclear powerStatus and trends2. By the end of 2012, there were 437 nuclear-powered reactors in operation worldwide, with a total capacity of 372.1 gigawatts (gw), an increase of 1% over the beginning of the year.Only three reactors have been shut down permanently.By contrast, 13 were shut down permanently in 2011 (12 of them after the fukushima daiichi accident).3. At the end of 2012, there were 67 new reactors under construction worldwide.There are three new grid-connected reactors: China's ningde 1 and the republic of Korea's shinyuecun 1 and shinguri 2.In addition, two idle units in Canada, namely Bruce 1 and 2, were reconnected to the grid.In 2012, construction began on seven reactors: unit 4 of fuqing, unit 1 of shidaowan, unit 3 of tianwan and unit 4 of yangjiang.Unit 1, shinweizhen, republic of Korea;Baltisk 1, Russian federation;And the united Arab emirates (uae) baraka 1 aircrew.4. The impact of the fukushima daiichi accident was still felt in 2012, which slowed the expansion of nuclear power.But the agency's projections suggest a significant increase in the use of nuclear energy worldwide, between 23 per cent and 100 per cent by 2030, although the agency's 2030 forecast is down from as much as 9 per cent in 2011.Installed capacity is currently projected to grow to 456 gw (electricity) as the agency's low forecast and 740 gw (electricity) as the high forecast by 2030.Growth remains concentrated in Asia (47 of the 67 reactors under construction are in Asia) and in countries that already have nuclear plants in operation.Rio +20 and the extension of the Kyoto protocol5. In June, the United Nations conference on sustainable development (also known as Rio +20) was held in Rio DE janeiro, Brazil, to review progress in sustainable development.The Rio +20 outcome document "the future we want" addresses a number of priority issues, including providing access to clean energy for all and ensuring that the energy produced does not contribute to climate change.The presentation on nuclear energy highlights low-carbon energy because it minimizes greenhouse gas emissions from energy production and mitigated the negative impact of climate disruption on development.6. The 18th meeting of the conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate change and the eighth meeting of the conference of the parties to the Kyoto protocol were held in doha, Qatar, in November and December.The parties to the Kyoto protocol agreed on a second commitment period from 2013 to 2020.Without that commitment, there would be no international agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions, and nuclear power's low emissions would have little economic value.Provide support to existing nuclear power projects7. Global attention continues to be focused on the long-term operation of existing nuclear power plants.Thus, the trend to increase the capacity of these plants and to renew or extend in-service reactor licenses continues in many countries.France's nuclear safety authority, for example, granted a 10-year extension of the operating license for unit 2 of the pythermonuclear power plant.In the UK, the nuclear decommissioning authority has been granted permission to continue operating unit 1 of the wirfa nuclear power plant until September 2014 by transferring some of the spent fuel from unit 2.In the United States, the nuclear regulatory commission approved six requests for increased capacity.8. Under the auspices of the United States department of energy and the nuclear regulatory commission, iaea organized the third international conference on life management of nuclear power plants in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, in May.Participants discussed ways to safely and cost-effectively extend the life of nuclear plants operating in the fukushima afterworld.9. At the second meeting of the nuclear operators cooperation forum, an initiative launched by iaea in 2011, in September, participants Shared operational experience and management strategies to help enhance the effectiveness of the nuclear operators.Commencement of nuclear programme10. Countries with growing energy needs continue to retain nuclear power as an important option for increasing generation.Important steps taken by countries planning to introduce nuclear power include the united Arab emirates, which became the first country in 27 years to begin building its first nuclear power plant.After obtaining a construction permit from the federal nuclear regulatory agency, the united Arab emirates nuclear corporation poured the first concrete tank of the baraka 1 unit.The unit is scheduled to be operational in 2017, while the other three are scheduled to be operational by 2020.11. Several other countries also took steps to build their first nuclear power plants in 2012.In June, belarus received a visit from the iaea working group on the "comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review".In July, belarus signed a general contract for the supply of two water-hydrodynamic reactor units from the Russian federation.Turkey is also pushing ahead with its own plans: after signing a contract in 2010 to build four water-hydro-power reactor 1,200 units at the akuyu site, it announced plans to build a second plant at sinop.Others have confirmed their intention to proceed with national nuclear power plans;These countries have been building infrastructure and are considering possible contractual arrangements.Other member states are actively preparing plans for nuclear power, but have yet to make a final decision.12. Two other "comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review" working group visits were made to Jordan and Viet nam in 2012.The January visit to Jordan by the iucr working group was a follow-up visit to review the country's plans in response to recommendations made during the first iucr working group visit in 2009.The working group noted that progress had been made since 2009, particularly in activities related to nuclear power plant projects.In December, the working group on the comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review visited Viet nam.The working group found that the plan to promote the introduction of nuclear power was strongly supported by the government and confirmed the progress made, including preparations for the construction of the ningshun nuclear power plant.

1. 2012年，国际原子能机构继续发挥重要作用。按照其“加速和扩大原子能对全世 界和平、健康和繁荣的贡献”的法定任务，原子能机构重点做了以下工作：发展并向 成员国转让和平用途核技术；促进加强全球核安全框架和加强核材料和核设施安保； 以及防止核武器扩散。本综述从原子能机构的角度审视了 2012年“核世界”的状况。

核技术

核电

状况和趋势

2. 截至2012年底，全世界共有437座在运核动力堆，总容量达到372.1吉瓦 （电），比年初时增加了 1%。只有三座反应堆被永久关闭。与之形成对比的是2011年 有13座被永久关闭（其中12座是在福岛第一核电站事故后被关闭的）。

3. 截至2012年底，全世界共有67座在建新反应堆。有三座新并网发电的反应堆， 它们是：中国宁德1号机组和大韩民国新月城1号机组和新古里2号机组。另外，加 拿大有两个闲置机组即布鲁斯1号和2号机组重新并网。2012年开工建设的反应堆有 七座，它们是：中国福清4号机组、石岛湾1号机组、田湾3号机组和阳江4号机 组；大韩民国新蔚珍1号机组；俄罗斯联邦巴尔提斯克1号机组；以及阿拉伯联合酋 长国（阿联酋）巴拉卡1号机组。

4. 2012年仍然可以感受到福岛第一核电站事故的影响，并因此放缓了核电的扩展速 度。但原子能机构的预测表明，世界范围内的核能利用将显著增长，在2030年之前的 增长幅度介于23%至100%之间，尽管原子能机构对2030年的预测低于2011年时所作 预测的幅度高达9%。目前预计装机容量到2030年将增长到原子能机构低值预测的 456吉瓦（电）和高值预测的740吉瓦（电）。增长仍集中在亚洲（67座在建反应堆中 有47座位于亚洲）并在已拥有在运核电厂的国家。

“里约+20”和延长“京都议定书”

5. 6月，在巴西里约热内卢举行了联合国可持续发展大会（亦称“里约+20”），审查 了在可持续发展方面所取得的进展。“里约+20”成果文件“我们希望的未来”阐述了 若干优先议题，包括提供人人享有清洁能源的机会和确保所生产的能源不加剧气候变 化。关于核能的专题介绍强调了低碳能源，因为它能最大程度减少能源生产中排放的 温室气体，并能减轻气候混乱对发展的负面影响。

6. 11月至12月在卡塔尔多哈举行了《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方大会第十八 次会议，同时举行了 “京都议定书”缔约方大会第八次会议。“京都议定书”缔约方商 定了 2013年至2020年的第二个承诺期。如果没有这一承诺，全球就会没有限制温室 气体排放的国际协定，核电很低的排放也就只有较小的经济价值。

向现有核电计划提供支助

7. 全球继续关注现有核电厂的长期运行。因此，提高这些电厂出力以及更新或延长 在运反应堆许可证的趋势在许多国家仍在继续。例如，法国核安全管理局批准比热核 电厂2号机组运行许可证展期10年。在英国，核退役管理局获准通过从2号机组转移 部分乏燃料的方式继续运行威尔法核电厂1号机组到2014年9月。在美国，核管理委 员会批准了六项提高出力申请。

8. 在美国能源部和核管会赞助下，原子能机构于5月在美国犹他州盐湖城组织了第 三次核电厂寿期管理国际会议。与会者讨论了安全和成本高效地延长处在“福岛后世 界”的在运核电厂寿期的途径。

9. 9月，在原子能机构2011年发起的一项倡议即“核营运组织合作论坛”第二次会 议上，与会者共享了运行经验和管理战略，以帮助加强核营运组织的效能。

启动核电计划

10. 能源需求日益增长的国家继续保留核电作为增加发电量的一个重要选择。计划引 进核电的国家所采取的重要步骤包括阿联酋所采取的步骤，该国成为27年中首个开始 建造首座核电厂的国家。在获得联邦核监管局的建造许可证之后，阿联酋核能公司浇 筑了巴拉卡1号机组的第一罐混凝土。该机组预定于2017年投入运行，而另外三个机 组则计划于2020年前投入运行。

11. 另外几个国家也在2012年采取了建设各自首座核电厂的步骤。6月，白俄罗斯接 待了原子能机构“综合核基础结构评审”工作组访问。7月，白俄罗斯签署了关于由俄 罗斯联邦供应两个水-水动力堆机组的总合同。土耳其也在推进自己的计划：在2010 年签署在阿库尤场址建造四台水-水动力堆1200机组的合同后，该国宣布了在锡诺普 建造第二座核电厂的计划。其他国家则确认有意着手制订国家核电计划；这些国家一 直在建立基础结构，并正考虑可能的合同安排。另外一些成员国正在积极为核电计划 做准备，但还没有做出最后决定。

12. 2012年分别对约旦和越南进行了另外两次“综合核基础结构评审”工作组访问。1 月对约旦的“综合核基础结构评审”工作组访问是为响应2009年第一次“综合核基础 结构评审”工作组访问时提出的建议而进行的旨在审查该国计划的一次后续访问。工 作组指出，自2009年以来已取得了进展，特别是在核电厂项目相关活动方面。12月进 行了对越南的“综合核基础结构评审”工作组访问。工作组发现促进引进核电的计划 得到了政府大力支持，并确认了所取得的进展，包括为宁顺核电厂建设所进行的筹备 工作。