美国发电厂退役Decommissioning US Power Plants in 2017

截至2015年，美国大约有6300台40岁或40岁以上的发电机组在运行。这些发电机组的发电能力约为350兆瓦，约占全国总发电量的三分之一。在未来的几年和几十年里，这些发电厂的许多旧机组将退役，这对电力市场、投资者和发电厂运营的社区都有重要影响。1与此同时，随着天然气、风能和太阳能发电厂数量的快速增长，发电机组也在发生变化。对于风能和太阳能设施，大多数公用事业、监管机构和社区几乎没有退役公用事业规模设施的经验。尽管这些设施中的大多数将在未来几十年内运行，但了解与停用新发电相关的关键问题有助于减轻对纳税人、投资者和社区的任何负面影响。一旦机组退役，电厂业主将面临如何重新调整每个站点用途的选择。本报告探讨了业主决定停用单个机组或整个电厂时出现的关键问题，包括：电厂业主面临哪些选择？什么样的政策和市场激励会影响每一种选择，各州之间又有什么不同？退役的费用是多少，谁来承担？退役发电厂对当地经济和财政有何影响？

由于丰富的文献存在着与核电站和常规水电站相关的退役问题，这些来源被排除在这一分析之外。相反，它关注的是那些最近经历过大规模退役（煤炭、石油和天然气）的人，以及那些目前正在广泛部署（风能和太阳能）并将在未来几十年面临退役的人

As of 2015, roughly 6,300 electric generating units aged 40 years or older were operating in the United States. These units represent roughly 350 gigawatts (GW) of electric generating capacity, or approximately one-third of the nation’s total generating capacity. In the coming years and decades, many of the older units at these plants will retire, with important implications for electricity markets, investors, and communities where plants operate.1  At the same time, the generating fleet is changing, as the number of natural gas, wind, and solar plants grows rapidly. For wind and solar facilities, most utilities, regulators, and communities have virtually no experience decommissioning utility-scale installations. Although most of these facilities will operate for decades to come, understanding the key issues associated with decommissioning new power generation can help mitigate any negative impacts for ratepayers, investors, and communities.  Once units retire, plant owners are faced with choices over how to repurpose each site. This report examines key issues that arise when owners decide to decommission an individual unit or an entire plant, including the following: What choices do plant owners face? What policies and market incentives affect each option, and how do they vary across states? What are the costs of decommissioning, and who bears them? What are the local economic and fiscal implications of decommissioning power plants?

Because a rich literature exists examining decommissioning issues associated with nuclear and conventional hydroelectric plants, those sources are excluded from this analysis. Instead, it focuses on those that have recently experienced large-scale retirements (coal, petroleum, and natural gas), along with those that are currently seeing widespread deployment (wind and solar) and will face decommissioning in the decades to come