

美国的煤炭过渡Coal Transition in the UNITED STATES
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- 更新时间:2021-09-16
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在过去的十年里,美国开始减少煤炭的生产和使用,这受到不利的市场动态和不断变化的联邦监管环境的影响。即使在页岩气革命和可再生能源的吸收减少了煤炭在发电中的使用之前,煤炭社区也在努力实现收支平衡。阿巴拉契亚和粉河流域等生产国之间的区域成本差异表明,受煤炭影响的社区和工人在不同程度和时间段经历了煤炭过渡的影响。2014年至2016年期间,由于国内外对美国煤炭的需求下降,我们看到了美国主要煤炭公司的倒闭。此外,奥巴马政府的气候变化政策对燃煤电厂产生了负面影响,增加了温室气体排放要求,导致国内煤炭需求下降。再加上市场低迷,美国煤炭生产商在破产条件下已经难以支付高昂的运营成本和法律责任。由于国家预算资金不足,煤炭州也在努力应对破产煤炭公司的养老金、医疗保健和复垦债务带来的财务风险。2016年,前总统奥巴马宣布了“电力附加”计划,旨在帮助受煤炭影响的社区和工人为低碳未来做准备。联邦预算计划的目标是地方经济的多样化,为矿工的健康和养老基金提供资金,并为替代行业的就业提供再培训。在特朗普政府时期,潜在的监管救济可能会缓解煤炭行业的压力。1不过,特朗普总统在竞选中承诺要振兴煤炭行业,需要的不仅仅是撤销环境法规和向煤炭公司提供税收优惠。问题仍然是,煤炭转型的影响是否会由特朗普政府下的额外联邦基金来管理。
Over the past decade, the US started to cut down the production and the use of coal, which was affected by unfavorable market dynamics and changing federal regulatory environment. Even before the shale gas revolution and uptake of renewables diminish the use of coal in power generation, coal communities were struggling to meet ends. The regional cost differences between producing states, such as the Appalachian and the Powder River Basins, indicates that coal-impacted communities and workers have lived through the impacts of coal transition at varying magnitudes and time periods. In the period between 2014 and 2016, we have seen the crash of major US coal companies due to declining demand for US coal domestically and internationally. Furthermore, Obama administration’s climate change policies negatively impacted coal-fired power plants with additional GHG emission requirements, contributing to declining domestic demand for coal. Combined with market downturn, US coal producers already struggle to pay for high operational costs and legal liabilities under bankruptcy conditions. With underfunded state budgets, coal states are also grappling with financial exposure resulting from pension, healthcare and reclamation liabilities of bankrupt coal companies. In 2016, former President Obama announced the Power Plus Plan to aid coal-impacted communities and workers to prepare for a low carbon future. The federal budget plan targeted diversification of local economies, funding of health and pension funds of miners and retraining for employment in alternative industries. Under Trump administration, potential regulatory relief might ease the pressure on the coal industry.1 Still, President Trump’s campaign pledge to revive the coal industry will require more than rolling back the environmental regulations and providing tax concessions to the coal companies. The question remains whether the impacts of coal transition will be managed by additional federal funds under the Trump administration.
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