引领美国石油出口辩论Navigating the U.S. Oil Export Debate
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最近在石油和天然气领域的创新推动了美国生产的复兴和美国国际能源贸易地位的戏剧性转变。美国原油产量已从2006年末的500万桶/日增至2014年末的900万桶/日。石油总产量超过1200万桶/日,使美国成为世界上最大的液体供应商。在过去的八年中,产量的增加和石油消费的下降使美国的进口依存度从60%下降到26%。尽管美国可能会继续消耗比我们生产更多的石油,因此仍然是石油净进口国,但人们越来越担心美国炼油系统是否有能力吸收未来国内原油产量的增长。事实上,美国原油产量的近期和预计增长都比加拿大、墨西哥、委内瑞拉和中东原油更轻,硫含量更低,许多美国炼油厂目前都在进行加工。世界其他地方的炼油厂加工轻质油,但根据现行法律,美国原油出口基本上(但并非完全)被禁止。国内原油供应与国内炼油能力之间的不匹配日益加剧,促使人们重新评估这些出口限制。有人支持也有人反对增加从美国出口的原油数量。国内石油生产商担心,如果没有进入国外市场,他们将不得不打压他们的石油,以激励炼油厂在现有设施上进行加工,或覆盖建造新设备所需的投资。美国原油生产商市场价格走低可能会减少上游投资和未来国内生产增长。许多炼油企业担心,允许原油出口将提高国内原油价格,损害其竞争力,并降低对新炼油投资的激励。消费者担心,出口石油可能会提高汽油和柴油价格,使它们更容易受到未来国际供应中断的影响。一些环保组织担心,允许出口将导致国内页岩气开发更多,全球温室气体排放更多。
Recent innovations in the oil and gas sector have catalyzed a renaissance in US production and a dramatic turnaround in America’s international energy trade position. US crude oil production has increased from 5 million barrels per day (b/d) in late 2006 to 9 million b/d in late 2014. Total petroleum production is over 12 million b/d, making the US the largest liquids supplier in the world. Rising production and declining petroleum consumption has reduced US import dependence from 60 percent to 26 percent over the past eight years. Although the US will likely continue to consume more oil than we produce, and thus remain a net petroleum importer, there are growing concerns about the ability of the US refining system to absorb future growth in domestic crude production. Virtually all the recent and projected growth in US crude output is lighter weight and lower sulfur than the Canadian, Mexican, Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crudes many US refineries are currently configured to process. Refineries elsewhere in the world process light oil, but under current law, US crude oil exports are largely (though not entirely) prohibited. The growing mismatch between domestic crude supply and domestic refining capacity is prompting a re-evaluation of these export restrictions. There are both proponents and opponents of increasing the amount of crude oil that can be exported from the United States. Domestic oil producers worry that without access to foreign markets, they will have to discount their oil to incentivize refiners to process it at existing facilities or cover the investment required to build new ones. Lower market prices for US crude producers could reduce upstream investment and future domestic production growth. Many refiners worry that allowing crude oil exports will raise domestic crude prices, harm their competitiveness and reduce the incentive for new refining investments. Consumers worry that exporting oil could increase gasoline and diesel prices and leave them more vulnerable to future international supply disruptions. And some environmental groups worry that allowing exports will result in more shale development domestically and more greenhouse gas emissions globally.
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