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目前，几乎所有中东和北非国家，无论是石油进口国还是出口国，都经历了某种程度的近期改革，能源定价改革已成为一种区域趋势。过去10年的国际油价波动使大多数国家都必须进行改革。在2014年油价暴跌之前，中东和北非进口国为补贴国内能源消费付出了高昂的代价。几年来，它们必须弥补国内低油价与国际高油价之间的价格差距，即每桶100美元以上。与此同时，尽管许多国家开始感受到国内能源价格低的不利影响，但出口国通过在国际市场销售燃料获得了前所未有的利润 2014年油价暴跌时，这一切都改变了。随着国内油价与国际油价的价差大幅缩小，进口国获得了一定的喘息空间。然而，出口国受到严重打击。平均而言，海湾合作委员会（海合会）2成员国的总收入在一年内下降了10%（国际货币基金组织，2016b）。出于财政整顿的原因，他们中的许多人除了提高国内能源价格之外别无选择。尽管他们在前几年已经知道创纪录的收入，但他们的政治和经济发展体系仍然依靠廉价的家庭燃料、电力和水的供应来分配租金。多年来，这一体系一直被认为是不可持续的，但直到2014年价格下跌之后，中东和北非地区的许多出口国才开始意识到这一点。在此之前，由于没有现实的紧迫感，改革在政治上是不合理的。
Energy pricing reforms are a regional trend now that nearly all Middle East and North African countries—both oil importers and exporters—have undergone some level of recent reform. The last 10 years of international oil price volatility has made reform a necessity in most countries. Before the oil price collapse of 2014, MENA importing countries were paying a high price for subsidizing domestic energy consumption. They had to cover the price gap between low domestic prices and high international oil prices of more than USD 100 per barrel for several years. At the same time, exporting countries were making unprecedented profits from selling fuel on the international market, even though many started feeling the adverse impacts of low domestic energy prices.1 This all changed when the oil price collapsed in 2014. Importing countries got some breathing space, as the price gap between domestic prices and international oil prices decreased considerably. Exporting countries, however, were severely hit. On average, countries from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)2 saw their total revenues decline by 10 per cent of GDP in one single year (International Monetary Fund [IMF], 2016b). For fiscal consolidation reasons, many of them had simply no choice but to also increase domestic energy prices. Even though they had known record revenues in the years before, their political and economic development systems had continued to rely on rent distribution through the cheap availability of domestic fuel, electricity and water. That system had been heralded as unsustainable for many years, but only after the price drop in 2014 did reality catch up for many of MENA’s exporters. Before that, reforms were not politically justifiable as there was no realistic sense of urgency.
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