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中国独立炼油厂的崛起THE RISE OF CHINA’S INDEPENDENT REFINERIES 中国独立炼油厂的崛起THE RISE OF CHINA’S INDEPENDENT REFINERIES

中国独立炼油厂的崛起THE RISE OF CHINA’S INDEPENDENT REFINERIES

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  • 更新时间：2021-09-18
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北京在2015年决定允许中国独立的小型“茶壶”炼油厂通过进口配额和许可证制度进口原油，这证明了石油市场的重大发展。此举标志着炼油企业迎来了一个转折点，这些炼油企业多年来利润率和利用率都很差，部分原因在于税收漏洞和地方政府的支持。2015年7月，中国政府授予了新计划下的首个原油进口配额。截至2016年底，共有19家独立炼油厂获得了总计148万桶/日的配额，超过了西班牙原油净进口量。与此同时，中国的产品供应激增，导致对其他亚洲市场的出口增加。 事实上，在政府花了近20年时间试图关闭这些小工厂，通过限制无党派人士获得原油的渠道来增加国家石油公司（noc）的下游业务之后，此举标志着一种新的做法。随着配额达成协议，茶壶炼油厂采取技术和环境措施，包括淘汰落后产能，建设液化天然气和天然气储存设施，生产符合政府标准的精炼产品。目标是巩固独立的炼油部门，并迫使国家石油公司变得更有竞争力。本文考察了中国独立炼油行业的发展历史，三年来的转型，对国内外能源市场的影响，以及茶壶厂的未来展望。简而言之，本文发现： •

Beijing’s decision in 2015 to allow China’s small, independent “teapot” refineries to import crude oil through a system of import quotas and licenses has proved a major development for oil markets. The move marked a turning point for the refiners, which had suffered from poor margins and utilization rates for years and relied in part on tax loopholes and the support of local governments to survive. The Chinese government awarded its first crude import quota under the new program in July 2015. By the end of 2016, 19 independent refineries had been granted quotas totaling 1.48 million barrels per day (bpd)—representing more than the net crude oil imports of Spain. At the same time, China’s product supplies surged, leading to an increase in exports to other Asian markets. Indeed, after the government spent nearly two decades trying to shut down the small plants to boost the downstream presence of the national oil companies (NOCs) by restricting the independents’ access to crude oil, the move signaled a new approach. With the quotas came an agreement that the teapot refineries take technical and environmental measures, including retiring outdated capacity, building LNG and CNG storage facilities, and producing refined products that meet government standards. The goal was to consolidate the independent refining sector and force the NOCs to become more competitive. This paper examines the history of China’s independent refining sector, its transformation over the past three years, the impact it has had on the domestic and international energy markets, and the outlook for the future of the teapot plants. In short, the paper finds the following: •

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