新能源地缘政治the new geopolitics of energy
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- 更新时间:2021-09-19
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能源和地缘政治一直紧密相连。20世纪,能源资源的获取成为决定战争胜负的一个主要因素,石油生产国联合起来建立新的全球联盟,价格波动刺激或阻止超级大国的冒险主义。21世纪能源领域的巨大而快速的变化正在改写这两个领域之间的关系。随着新资源的提供和新的地缘政治工具和机会的出现,以及气候问题成为全球议程的首要问题,为制定一个清晰的地图,使决策者、工业界和公众能够驾驭能源和地缘政治之间的新问题所做的工作太少。这在美国尤其如此,因为美国在过去十年中成为主要的碳氢化合物生产国和出口国,它发现自己拥有强大的新杠杆来推动其全球议程。无论是通过干预能源市场还是其他方式,如何以及何时推进这股力量,都将是一个棘手的问题,需要对困难而迅速变化的部分进行分析。其中包括了解全球能源需求的变化、石油供应的多样化和新的中断风险、全球天然气市场日益激烈的竞争及其与能源安全的关系、全球电力投资的激励措施以及对气候变化的影响,以及对能源获取的渴望及其后果。管理这些问题将需要对新的人力资源进行投资,类似于冷战期间为避免核灾难而进行的投资。
Energy and geopolitics have always been closely linked. The twentieth century saw access to energy resources become a major factor in determining the winners of wars, oil producers banding together to create new global alliances, and price swings that spurred or deterred the adventurism of superpowers. The vast and fast-paced changes in the energy sector in the twenty-first century are rewriting the relations between the two fields. As new resources are made available and create new geopolitical tools and opportunities, and as climate issues move to the fore of the global agenda, too little work has been done to create a clear map that enables policy makers, industry, and the public to navigate the new issues arising at the nexus of energy and geopolitics. This is especially true in the United States, which, due to its emergence over the past decade as a major hydrocarbons producer and exporter, has found itself with powerful new leverage to advance its agenda globally. How and when to advance this power, whether through intervening in energy markets or otherwise, will be a thorny issue that will require analysis across difficult and rapidly changing pieces. These include understanding the shifts in global energy demand, the diversification of oil supplies and new risks of disruption, the growing competition in global gas markets and its relation to energy security, the incentives for power investment globally and the implications for climate change, and the thirst for energy access and its consequences. Managing these issues will require investment in new human capacity, similar to the investment made during the Cold War to avoid nuclear disaster.
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