标准和生物多样性STANDARDS AND BIODIVERSITY
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2015年至2016年间,《生物多样性公约》秘书处召集了一个多方利益相关者专家组,以确定一套核心的生物多样性指标,这些指标可由成员国加以衡量,作为了解其各自管辖范围内农业生产造成的生物多样性风险状况的基础。由此产生的商品生产生物多样性影响指标为理解农业做法对生物多样性保护的贡献提供了一个起点。自愿可持续性标准(VSSs)正越来越多地被各种部门采纳,作为促进生产中可持续农业的基础。本综述试图了解在农业部门运行的主要VSS在多大程度上与BIICP所针对的具体生物多样性相关目标相一致。以下是根据我们的分析得出的结论摘要。在标准最为活跃的八个行业中,符合标准的生产增长继续超过传统产品的增长。到2020年,每一个行业的标准达标产量有望达到全球产量的10%或以上。 2008年至2014年,香蕉、棉花、咖啡、可可、茶叶、糖、棕榈油和大豆等15个自愿性标准中,符合其中一个或多个标准的商品生产在2008年至2014年间平均每年增长35%——2015年贸易额估计达到525亿美元。同期常规生产的平均增长率为3%。到2014年,所审查的8个市场中,有4个市场的合规率达到或超过全球产量的10%。基于目前的市场趋势和现有的“未实现”的企业承诺,可持续采购,我们预计标准符合生产的八个市场的每一个将达到10%或以上的全球总产量2020。 尽管某些农业部门的自愿标准在市场上有了显著增长,但在整个全球农业生产中,标准仍然是一种边缘力量。 2014年,标准最为活跃的8个行业(香蕉、棉花、咖啡、可可、茶叶、糖、棕榈油和大豆行业)的标准覆盖总面积达到1450万公顷,占全球农业面积不到1%。同样,我们估计,这八种农产品100%的认证只相当于全球农业用地面积的12%。如果自愿标准要在减少农业对生物多样性丧失的影响方面发挥主要作用,它们至少必须在其他作物中建立重要地位,特别是在小麦、玉米和水稻等主要作物中。自愿标准规定的要求优先考虑防止生境丧失,这在历史上是农业造成生物多样性丧失的唯一最重要的驱动因素。 审查的自愿标准明确强调了对生境保护的要求。在所审查的标准中,87%禁止在最近从某些或所有类型的林地转换而来的土地上生产,而十大要求中有七项是针对生境保护的。鉴于主要由于土地转换而造成的生境丧失是农业造成生物多样性丧失的唯一最重要驱动力,从生物多样性的角度来看,生境保护自愿标准的重点令人鼓舞。
Between 2015 and 2016, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity convened a multistakeholder group of experts to identify a core set of biodiversity indicators that might be measured by member countries as a basis for understanding the state of biodiversity risk posed by agricultural production within their respective jurisdictions. The resulting Biodiversity Impact Indicators for Commodity Production (BIICP) offer a starting point for understanding the contribution of agricultural practices to biodiversity protection. Voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs) are increasingly being adopted in a variety of sectors as a basis for promoting sustainable agriculture at production. This review attempts to understand the degree to which major VSSs operating in the agriculture sector are aligned with the specific biodiversity-related objectives targeted by the BIICP. The following is a summary of the findings based on our analysis. The growth of standard-compliant production continues to outpace growth for conventional products in the eight sectors where standards are most active. Standard-compliant production is on track to reach 10 per cent or more of global production across each of these sectors by 2020. Commodity production compliant with one or more of the 15 voluntary standards covered in this review across the banana, cotton, coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar, palm oil and soybean sectors combined grew, on average, 35 per cent per annum between 2008 and 2014 —reaching an estimated trade value of USD 52.5 billion in 2015. The average growth of conventional production over the same period was 3 per cent. By 2014, four of the eight markets reviewed had achieved compliance rates of 10 per cent or more of global production. Based on current market trends and existing “unimplemented” corporate commitments to sustainable sourcing, we expect that standardcompliant production for each of the eight markets will have reached 10 per cent or more of total global production by 2020. Notwithstanding the significant market growth of voluntary standards across select agricultural sectors, standards remain a marginal force across global agricultural production as a whole. The total area covered by standards in the eight sectors where standards are most active reached 14.5 million hectares in 2014 (banana, cotton, coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar, palm oil and soybean sectors), accounting for less than 1 per cent of global agricultural area. Similarly, we estimate that 100 per cent certification of these eight agricultural commodities would amount to a mere 12 per cent of global agricultural land area. If voluntary standards are to play a major role in reducing the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity loss, they will have to, at a minimum, establish a significant presence among other crops—most notably, staple crops such as wheat, maize and rice. The requirements specified by voluntary standards prioritize protection against habitat loss, historically the single most important driver of agriculturally caused biodiversity loss. The voluntary standards reviewed display a clear emphasis on requirements directed toward habitat conservation. Of the standards reviewed, 87 per cent prohibit production on land recently converted from some or all types of forestland while seven of the top 10 requirements targeted habitat conservation. Given that habitat loss, principally due to land conversion, represents the single most important driver of biodiversity loss arising from agriculture, the focus of voluntary standards on habitat protection is encouraging from a biodiversity perspective.-
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