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可再生能源地缘政治学The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy 可再生能源地缘政治学The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy

可再生能源地缘政治学The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy

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  • 更新时间:2021-09-20
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一个世纪以来,能源地缘政治一直是油气地缘政治的代名词。然而,地缘政治和全球能源经济都在发生变化。二战结束以来占主导地位的国际秩序面临着日益严峻的挑战。与此同时,可再生能源发展迅速。尽管如此,可再生能源的地缘政治受到的关注相对较少,特别是在考虑到全球转向可再生能源的深远影响时。 本文首先讨论了未来几十年的七种可再生能源情景:国际能源署2016年世界能源展望、环境影响评估2016年国际能源展望、艾琳娜2016年重新规划、彭博社2016年新能源展望、英国石油公司2016年能源展望,埃克森美孚2016年能源展望以及IEA和IRENA G20联合脱碳情景。 其中一些是预测,而另一些是预测。虽然所有的预测情景都设想了可再生能源的增长,但没有人预测在未来几十年中可再生能源的使用会超过任何化石燃料的消耗。与此相反,反推情景假设未来世界采用完全不同的能源组合,可再生能源的消耗最终超过化石燃料。在这三种延期方案中,2035年或2040年可再生能源占一次能源总量的比例达到30-45%,2050年达到50-70%。 文章接着讨论了可再生能源形成地缘政治的七种机制。

For a century, the geopolitics of energy has been synonymous with the geopolitics of oil and gas. However, geopolitics and the global energy economy are both changing. The international order predominant since the end of World War II faces mounting challenges. At the same time, renewable energy is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, the geopolitics of renewable energy has received relatively little attention, especially when considering the far-reaching consequences of a global shift to renewable energy. The paper starts with a discussion of seven renewable energy scenarios for the coming decades: the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2016, the EIA’s International Energy Outlook 2016, IRENA’s REmap 2016, Bloomberg’s New Energy Outlook 2016, BP’s Energy Outlook 2016, Exxon-Mobil’s Outlook for Energy 2016 and the joint IEA and IRENA G20 de-carbonization scenario. Some of these are forecasting while others are backcasting scenarios. While all the forecasting scenarios envisage growth in renewable energy, none anticipate a revolution in which renewable energy use surpasses consumption of any of the fossil fuels in the next several decades. In contrast, the backcasting scenarios posit a future in which the world employs a radically different energy mix where consumption of renewables eventually surpasses that of fossil fuels. In all three backasting scenarios covered here, the share of renewables of total primary energy reaches 30-45% in 2035 or 2040 and 50-70% in 2050. The paper then discusses seven mechanisms through which renewables could shape geopolitics.

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