International Atomic Energy Agency Annual Report 2005国际原子能机构2005年度报告

Look back on this year1. The international atomic energy agency is approaching its 50th anniversary.On this occasion, it remains the global focal point for the use of nuclear energy for peace and development cooperation.In October of that year, the Norwegian Nobel committee awarded the 2005 Nobel peace prize to the international atomic energy agency and its director general, Mr. Mohamed elbaradei, in the most prominent recognition of the iaea's contributions in these areas.2. If the iaea is to continue to make a useful contribution to socio-economic development, nuclear safety and security, and non-proliferation and arms control, it must continue to respond to the changing needs and objectives of its member states.These needs and priorities have been taken into account in the preparation of the "medium-term strategy for 2006-2011" presented to the governing council in March.In this context, emphasis continues to be placed on the importance of quality management to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of all iaea activities.3. In 2005, iaea continued to function under its three pillar functions of technology, safety and verification.In particular, the focus has been on the following: promoting the development and transfer of peaceful nuclear technology;Maintaining and expanding the global nuclear security regime and strengthening the security of nuclear materials and radioactive materials and facilities;And preventing the spread of nuclear weapons.This chapter reviews some of the major global developments in these areas during the year from the perspective of iaea.technology4. The work of iaea under the technology pillar to promote the peaceful application of nuclear science and technology contributes to the socio-economic development of member states.The agency's wide-ranging activities under its regular budget and technical cooperation plan include scientific and technical support in the areas of nuclear power, the nuclear fuel cycle, food production, human health, water resources, Marine and terrestrial environmental management and industrial applications.Current situation and trend of nuclear power5. The year 2005 was a year of increasing expectations for nuclear power, driven by the record of nuclear power;Rising oil and gas prices are driving up energy demand around the world.Environmental restrictions on the use of fossil fuels;(ii) the concerns of some countries regarding energy supply security;And nuclear expansion plans in several countries.In march, senior representatives of 74 governments, including 25 ministers, gathered in Paris for a meeting organized by the iaea to consider the future role of nuclear power.According to the chairman's final statement, the overwhelming majority of participants acknowledged that "nuclear power can make a significant contribution to meeting the energy needs of many developed and developing countries in the 21st century and to the sustainable development of the world."6. Iaea maintains comprehensive databases that track the status of the entire process of building, operating, shutting down and decommissioning nuclear-powered reactors around the world.By the end of 2005, there were 443 power reactors in operation worldwide, accounting for about 16 per cent of the world's electricity generation and keeping pace with the steady growth of the global electricity market.Of the 26 units under construction, the majority (15) are in Asia.Four new units were added to the grid during the year: two in Japan, one each in India and the republic of Korea.An idle unit in Canada was reintegrated into the power grid.A total of 2.3 gw of capacity was added in 2005, taking into account the integration of new nuclear units into the grid and the retirement of power plants.The renewal of nuclear power plant licenses also played an important role in 2005, with the Netherlands, the Russian federation, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States being the most notable.7. Although expectations for nuclear power are increasing, a recent global public survey commissioned by the iaea revealed a wide range of views among countries.The survey polled 18,000 people in 18 countries (figure 1).8. Access to energy is a central issue facing the improvement of living standards in developing countries.One of the agency's contributions to energy development is its efforts to help member states build national capacity for energy analysis and planning, while taking into account the economic, environmental and social impacts.The agency's energy planning tools are now in use in more than 109 countries around the world.In addition, it trains local experts to analyse national programmes aimed at meeting energy needs.In 2005 alone, 272 energy professionals from 51 countries were trained.Analytical studies that complement iaea training programmes include a review of the following: energy supply guarantees in the Baltic states;Energy system demand in India and Mexico;Cost-effectiveness of nuclear power in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions;Contribution of nuclear technology to the economic growth of the republic of Korea;And the economic impact of Bulgaria's early closure.innovation9. Continued national research on innovative and advanced reactor designs for various reactor types, including water cooled reactors, gas cooled reactors, liquid metal cooled reactors and hybrid systems.The fourth generation international forum and the iaea international project on innovative nuclear reactor and fuel cycle, two major international efforts to promote innovation, are complementing the initiatives of the countries concerned.10. In 2005, the members of the fourth generation international forum signed the framework agreement for international cooperation in research and development on six previously selected categories of reactor systems.With the addition of Ukraine and the United States in 2005, the membership of the innovative nuclear reactor and fuel cycle international program grew to 24.Argentina, China, France, India, the republic of Korea and the Russian federation are currently using the innovative reactor and fuel cycle international project methodology to evaluate innovative nuclear energy systems and identify areas best suited for collaborative development.

回眸这一年

1. 国际原子能机构即将迎来50周年纪念日。值此之际，它依然是利用核能促进和平 与发展合作的全球协调中心。挪威诺贝尔委员会在这一年的10月将2005年度诺贝尔 和平奖授予国际原子能机构及其总干事穆罕默德•埃尔巴拉迪先生，这是对原子能机 构在这些领域所作贡献给予承认的最突出的表现。

2. 原子能机构要想对社会经济发展、核安全和核保安以及防扩散和军备控制继续做 出有益的贡献，它就必须对成员国不断变化的需求和目标继续做出响应。3月提交理事 会的“ 2006—2011年中期战略”的编制过程已经考虑了这些需求和优先事项。这一战 略继续强调质量管理对于确保原子能机构所有活动的效率和效能的重要性。

3. 2005年，原子能机构继续按照其技术、安全与核查这三大支柱性职能开展工作。 具体而言，重点做了以下工作：促进和平核技术的发展和转让；维护和扩大全球核安 全体制以及加强核材料与放射性物质和设施的保安；以及防止核武器扩散。本章节从 原子能机构的角度回顾了这一年在这些领域在全球范围内的一些主要发展情况。

技术

4. 原子能机构在技术这一支柱下开展的促进核科学技术和平应用的工作有助于成员 国的社会经济发展。原子能机构根据其经常预算和技术合作计划开展的范围广泛的活 动包括在核电、核燃料循环、粮食生产、人体健康、水资源、海洋和陆地环境管理以 及工业应用领域提供科学技术支持。

核电的现状与趋势

5. 2005年是对核电预期不断增加的一年，其驱动因素是：核电的实绩记录；不断上 涨的石油和天然气价格使世界各地的能源需求日增；对使用化石燃料的环境限制；一 些国家对能源供应保障的关切；以及若干国家的核电扩展计划。3月，74个国家政府 的高级代表包括25名部长级代表齐聚巴黎，出席了由原子能机构组织的审议核电未来 作用的会议。根据会议主席的最后声明，绝大多数与会者确认，“核电能够为满足许 多发达国家和发展中国家在21世纪的能源需求和世界可持续发展作出重大贡献。”

6. 原子能机构维持着一些综合数据库，这些数据库跟踪记录了世界各地核动力堆建 造、运行、关闭和退役的整个过程的状况。到2005年年底，世界各地有443座动力堆 在运行，占世界发电量约16%，并与全球电力市场的稳定增长保持同步。有26台核电 机组正在建设，其中大多数（15台）在亚洲。在这一年中有四台新机组并入电网：日 本两台，印度和大韩民国各一台。加拿大一台闲置机组重新并入电网。2005年的发电 容量总计净增230万千瓦（电），这其中考虑了新核电机组并入电网和电厂退休的情况。核电厂许可证的更新在2005年也发挥了重要作用，其中荷兰、俄罗斯联邦、瑞 典、英国和美国的情况最引人注目。

7. 尽管对核电的预期正在增加，但原子能机构最近委托进行的全球公众调查却显示 各国意见之间存在很大的差异。这项调查对18个国家的18 000人进行了民意测验（图 1）。

8. 能否获得能源是发展中国家提高生活水平所面临的中心问题。原子能机构对能源 发展所作的一项贡献就是在考虑到经济、环境和社会影响的同时，努力帮助成员国建 设国家能源分析和规划的能力。目前全世界有逾109个国家采用了原子能机构的能源 规划工具。此外，它还对当地专家进行培训，以分析旨在满足能源需求的国家方案。 仅2005年一年，就有来自51个国家的272名能源专业人员接受了培训。对原子能机 构培训计划起补充作用的分析性研究工作包括对以下方面进行审查：波罗的海国家的 能源供应保障；印度和墨西哥的能源系统需求；核电对于缓解气候变化和减少温室气 体排放的成本效益；核技术对大韩民国经济增长的贡献；以及保加利亚提前关闭核电 厂对经济造成的影响。

创新

9. 继续就水冷堆、气冷堆、液态金属冷却堆以及混和系统等各种反应堆类型开展有 关创新和先进堆设计的国家研究。“第四代国际论坛”和原子能机构“革新型核反应 堆和燃料循环国际项目”作为两项促进创新的主要国际努力正在对有关国家的主动行 动提供补充。

10. 2005年，“第四代国际论坛”成员国签署了有关先前选定的六类反应堆系统的 《研究与发展国际合作框架协定》。随着乌克兰和美国于2005年的加入，“革新型核反应堆和燃料循环国际项目”的成员增加到24个。阿根廷、中国、法国、印度、大 韩民国和俄罗斯联邦目前正在利用“革新型核反应堆和燃料循环国际项目”方法学评 定革新型核能系统，并确定最适合于协作开发的领域。