地方影响到全球领导Local impact, global leadership

在过去的十年里，风能已经从一个利基技术转变为一个为欧洲提供清洁、有竞争力和可靠能源的工业部门。在这一过程中，欧洲建立了一个世界领先的风能产业，涡轮机制造商引领全球市场，开发商具有国际足迹和无与伦比的研究和创新能力。这一显著的发展为欧洲经济带来了可观的利益，为当地社区创造了收入，创造了数万个高技能工作岗位，并减少了欧洲对燃料进口的依赖。然而，近年来，风能的国际竞争愈演愈烈。全球风能的增长并没有转化为欧盟制造商的更多出口。自2011年以来，欧盟在全球装机容量中的份额下降了30%。巨大的国际竞争，加上本地内容要求和供应链限制，限制了欧洲风电机组和组件制造商在欧盟以外市场的增长潜力。随着风能供应链向欧盟以外的市场转移，欧洲可能失去现有的就业机会和风能带来的积极贸易平衡。欧洲各国政府应采取政策，振兴当地市场，维护经济利益。要巩固欧洲在风能领域的国内领导地位，就需要有一个强大的国内市场。本报告详细介绍了2011年至2016年风电行业的经济足迹，以作为清洁能源计划1的一部分，为有关欧洲能源未来的讨论提供信息。报告还建议了确保欧洲最大限度地利用风能所需的政策和其他措施。促进欧洲经济发展•2016年，风能产业对欧盟国内生产总值（GDP）的贡献（直接和间接）为361亿欧元。这是整个欧盟GDP的0.26%。•2016年的直接贡献为223亿欧元，高于2011年的167亿欧元。这33%的增长率是同期欧盟GDP增长率的四倍。•2016年，风能对欧盟GDP的间接贡献为138亿欧元。每1000欧元的风能收入在其他工业部门创造250欧元的经济活动，包括电气设备和机械、金属、建筑和工程。巩固全球领导地位•2016年，欧洲风能行业出口78亿欧元，进口价值54亿欧元的产品和服务。•尽管该行业仍然是全球净出口行业，贸易余额为24亿欧元，但进口风能投入已从2011年占行业总支出的13%增加到2016年的16%。•超过80%的欧洲风能公司在欧洲以外的80多个国家设有商业机构和生产基地。在全球十大风力涡轮机制造商中，有五家是欧盟的。在欧洲创造就业机会•风能不仅在涡轮机制造和电力生产领域，而且在许多其他行业和经济部门都创造了就业机会。2016年，在欧盟，风能产业直接和间接占据了262712个就业岗位。研发支出一直占行业GDP的5%左右，远高于2%的全经济平均水平。这也大大高于欧盟将GDP的3%用于研发的目标。减少能源依赖和减少二氧化碳排放•风能取代化石燃料发电。这不仅减少了二氧化碳的排放，而且避免了购买这些燃料的成本。•2016年，风能在欧盟避免了34578ktoe（相当于千吨石油）化石燃料的进口，2011-2016年期间，总共避免了171951ktoe的进口。这意味着在这一期间节省了320亿欧元的成本。税收贡献•2016年，风能行业为欧盟经济贡献了49亿欧元的税收。这些税收主要包括公司税和所得税，但也包括地区税、地方税和财产税。2011年至2016年间，风能行业的税收增长了46%。在实现欧洲2030年气候和能源目标的同时，充分利用全球领导地位。未来几年，风能行业将继续推动经济增长。•到2030年，风电行业对欧盟国内生产总值的贡献将翻一番，该行业的产出将占欧盟国内生产总值的0.51%，同时在中心情景下，就业率可能翻一番3。

Wind energy has transitioned in the last decade from a  niche technology to an industrial sector that provides  Europe with clean, competitive and reliable energy. In the  process Europe has built up a world-beating wind energy  industry with turbine manufacturers that lead the global  market, developers with an international footprint and  unmatched research and innovation capability.  This remarkable development has yielded considerable  benefits to the European economy, generating revenue  to local communities, creating tens of thousands of highskilled jobs and reducing Europe’s fuel import dependency.  However, international competition in wind energy has  intensified in recent years. The growth of wind globally has  not translated into more exports for EU manufacturers.  The share of EU content in global installed capacity has  fallen by 30% since 2011. The significant international competition, alongside local  content requirements and supply chain constraints, have  limited the growth potential of European wind turbine  and component manufacturers in markets outside the EU.  As the wind energy supply chain shifts to markets outside  the EU, Europe risks losing the existing jobs and positive  trade balance that wind energy has brought. European  governments should respond with policies that will revive  the local market and preserve the economic benefits. For  Europe to cement its domestic leadership in wind energy  there needs to be a strong domestic market.  This report details the economic footprint of the wind  sector from 2011 to 2016 to inform the discussions  on Europe’s energy future as part of the Clean Energy  Package1 . It also recommends the policy and other  measures that are needed to ensure Europe gets the most  out of wind energy.Boosting the European economy • The wind energy industry contributed (directly and  indirectly) €36.1bn to the EU's Gross Domestic Product  (GDP) in 2016. That is 0.26% of the overall EU GDP. • The direct contribution was €22.3bn in 2016, up from  €16.7bn in 2011. This 33% growth was four times  higher than the EU's GDP growth over the period.  • The indirect contribution of wind energy to the EU  GDP was €13.8bn in 2016. Every €1,000 of revenue in  wind energy creates €250 of economic activity in other  industrial sectors, including electrical equipment and  machinery, metals, construction and engineering. Cementing global leadership • In 2016 the European wind energy industry exported  €7.8bn and imported €5.4bn worth of products and  services.  • While the industry remains a global net exporter  with a €2.4bn positive trade balance, imported wind  energy inputs have increased from 13% of total  industry expenditure in 2011 to 16% in 2016.  • Over 80% of European wind energy companies have a  commercial presence and manufacturing sites outside  of Europe in more than 80 countries. Of the 10 biggest  wind turbine manufacturers in the world, five are EUbased.  Creating jobs in Europe • Wind energy has created jobs, not only in turbine  manufacturing and electricity production, but also in  many other industries and economic sectors. In 2016  the wind energy industry accounted – both directly  and indirectly – for 262,712 jobs in the EU.R&D spending has consistently represented around  5% of the industry’s GDP, well above the economywide average of 2%. It is also considerably higher than  the EU’s objective of 3% of GDP being invested in R&D. Reducing energy dependency and cutting CO2 emissions • Wind energy displaces electricity generated by fossil  fuels. This not only reduces CO2 emissions but also  avoids the cost of buying those fuels.  • In 2016 wind energy avoided 34,578 ktoe (kilotonne  of oil equivalent) fossil fuel imports in the EU, and a  total of 171,951 ktoe for the period 2011-2016. This  translates to €32bn in cost savings over the period.  Contributing with taxes • The wind energy industry contributed €4.9bn in taxes  to the EU economy in 2016. These include mostly  corporate and income taxes, but also regional, local  and property taxes. Taxes paid by the wind energy  sector have grown by 46% between 2011 and 2016.  Capitalising on global leadership while delivering on  Europe's 2030 Climate and Energy objectives • The wind energy industry will continue to be a driver  for economic growth over the coming years.  • By 2030 the wind industry’s contribution to the EU's  GDP could double and the sector could generate  0.51% of the EU’s GDP whilst potentially doubling  employment under the Central Scenario3 .