农业马尼托巴省二氧化碳当量封存的潜力The Potential for Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Sequestration in Agro-Manitoba
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马尼托巴省是一个农业用地丰富的省份,农业部门是该省经济的基石。它也是该省温室气体排放总量中第二大排放部门。2015,马尼托巴的总排放量为20.8兆吨的二氧化碳当量(MTCO2E);其中,交通部门排放量最大(总排放量的39%),农业部门排放量为6.5 MtCO2e(或占总排放量的31%)(环境和气候变化加拿大,2017)。虽然马尼托巴省是一个高排放部门,但多年来的土地使用做法已变得更加可持续,例如增加土地保护和降低排放强度。在该省和国际上,越来越多的这类做法作为应对气候变化和支持环境承诺的重要手段,正在取得势头。 在国际上,自巴黎第21次联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议(2015年12月)以来,通过管理陆地生态系统——特别是通过农业和林业——减少人为温室气体排放的潜力重新成为核心气候政策。在全国范围内,《泛加拿大清洁增长和气候变化框架》强调,土地利用和保护措施下的碳固存有助于减少温室气体排放,实现加拿大2030年的减排目标。省一级,在2016年的王位演讲中,马尼托巴省政府还强调土地利用和保护措施是碳封存的关键要素(马尼托巴省政府,2016a): 马尼托巴的新政府将开始与我们的联邦伙伴和其他司法管辖区的讨论,因为我们制定了一个在马尼托巴制造的气候行动计划。该计划将包括碳定价,以促进减排,保留投资资本,并刺激清洁能源、企业和就业领域的新创新。在制定固碳、改善水质、促进适应气候变化的土地利用和保护措施时,我们将进行磋商。(第7页,增加重点)。 此外,各省农业和可持续发展部长共同收到了部长授权书,其中指示执行基于替代土地使用服务模式的方案规划(马尼托巴省政府,2016b)。 随着该省迈向一种新的气候政策模式,马尼托巴省农业用地内私人播种土地的土地利用做法为隔离或减少净排放提供了机会。为此目的,国际可持续发展研究所和草原气候中心对马尼托巴省农业用地做法的固存潜力进行了高级别定量分析,这些做法是照常进行的。本研究所考虑的土地利用措施包括与湿地、林业、河岸缓冲区、最低耕作、多年生植物和覆盖作物有关的措施。 本文首先介绍了分析框架,进行分析,概述建模方法,假设和来源,用于计算二氧化碳当量(CO2E)封存潜力AgRiSimoBa,以及确定分析的局限性。然后,它将展示结果,并将其从每种方法下的总二氧化碳封存潜力中分解出来,以达到个别土地使用实践中的二氧化碳封存率。接下来,论文概述了每一种做法的一些更广泛的生态和社会共同利益和缺点,接着是土地利用做法中政策连贯性的机会。文章最后对下一步的分析提出了建议。
Manitoba is a province rich in agricultural lands, where the agriculture sector is a cornerstone for the economy. It is also the second largest emitting sector in the province’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions profile. In 2015 Manitoba’s total emissions were 20.8 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e); of these, transport sector emissions are the largest (39 per cent of total emissions) and the agricultural sector emissions were 6.5 MtCO2e (or 31 per cent of total emissions) (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2017). Though a high emitting sector, land use practices in Manitoba over the years have become more sustainable, such as increasing land conservation and reducing emissions intensity. In the province and internationally, more and more of these practices are gaining momentum as important tools to address climate change and support environmental commitments. Internationally, the potential to mitigate anthropogenic GHG emissions by managing terrestrial ecosystems— particularly through agriculture and forestry—has re-emerged as core climate policy since the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris (December 2015). Nationally, the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change highlights carbon sequestration under land use and conservation measures as contributors to reducing GHG emissions and meeting Canada’s 2030 reduction target. Provincially, in the 2016 Speech from the Throne, the Government of Manitoba also highlighted land use and conservation measures as key elements for carbon sequestration (Government of Manitoba, 2016a): Manitoba’s New Government will begin discussions with our federal partners and other jurisdictions as we develop a made-in-Manitoba climate action plan. This plan will include carbon pricing that fosters emissions reductions, retains investment capital and stimulates new innovation in clean energy, businesses and jobs. We will consult in the development of land-use and conservation measures that sequester carbon, improve water quality and foster adaptation to climate change. (p. 7, emphasis added). Additionally, the provincial ministers of agriculture and sustainable development jointly received ministerial mandate letters with instructions to implement programming based on the alternative land use services model (Government of Manitoba, 2016b). As the province moves toward a new climate policy paradigm, the land use-based practices in private, seeded lands within Agro-Manitoba1 present an opportunity to sequester or reduce net emissions. To this end, the International Institute for Sustainable Development and the Prairie Climate Centre conducted a high-level quantitative analysis of the sequestration potential of land use practices in Agro-Manitoba that are additional to business as usual. The land use practices that were considered in this study include those related to wetlands, forestry, riparian buffers, minimum tillage, perennials and cover crops. The paper begins by presenting the analytical framework to conduct the analysis, outlining modelling approaches, assumptions and sources used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) sequestration potential in AgroManitoba, as well as identifying the limitations of the analysis. It then moves on to present the results, breaking it down from total CO2e sequestration potential under each approach moving toward the CO2e sequestration rates of the individual land use practices. Next, the paper outlines some of the broader ecological and social co-benefits and drawbacks of each practice, followed by opportunities for policy coherence in land use practices. The paper concludes with suggestions for next steps in analysis.-
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