Issues and activities in 2006 1. The work of the international atomic energy agency under the three pillars of technology, security and verification within its mandate continues to lay the foundation for ensuring that nuclear technology contributes to "peace, health and prosperity".This chapter reviews the important developments in 2006 in relation to the agency's own activities worldwide. technology2. Within its nuclear technology programme, iaea promotes the exchange of nuclear information and knowledge, carries out capacity-building and transfers technology to member states, mainly through technical cooperation programmes.The aim is to facilitate and promote the use of nuclear science and related technologies to meet the socio-economic development needs of member states in a sustainable manner through the safe use of nuclear power and in the areas of food production, human health, water management, environmental protection and industrial applications. Current situation and trend of nuclear power3. By the end of 2006, there were 435 nuclear-powered reactors in operation worldwide, with an installed generating capacity of about 370 gigawattsAbout 16 percent of the world's electricity.Two new reactors are integrated into the grid (China and India), and eight are retired (two in Bulgaria, one each in Slovakia and Spain, and four in Britain).Construction started on three projects, plus the resumption of work on a nuclear power plant in the Russian federation, bringing the total nuclear generating capacity under construction to 23,641,000 kilowatts by the end of the year.Several countries, notably China, India, Japan, Pakistan, the Russian federation and the republic of Korea, have announced plans for major expansion.Argentina, France, South Africa, Ukraine and the United States have also said they are ready to expand their existing programs.4. Access to reliable and adequate energy resources is essential for development.Demand for energy continues to soar around the world, with the latest projections from the oecd's energy agency estimating that global energy consumption will increase by 53 per cent by 2030 at current consumption levels.About 70 per cent of this growth will come from developing countries.The projections also acknowledged for the first time that nuclear power, along with other energy sources, could not only meet growing energy demand and increase energy supply security, but also reduce carbon emissions from the air, since fossil fuels produce about half of man-made greenhouse gases.Thus, both the iaea and the oecd energy agency's new medium-term projections point to the possibility of a substantial expansion in the use of nuclear power.The agency has also established the interdepartmental support group for nuclear power to provide coordinated support to member states interested in considering the introduction or expansion of nuclear power.5. In the United States, a number of companies and consortia have announced plans for licensing applications, which together list about 30 new reactors.In Canada, two site preparation applications have been submitted.The ongoing energy review in the UK will address the question of whether new nuclear power stations will make a significant contribution to achieving the UK's energy policy objectives.Power companies in Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia have launched a joint feasibility study on a new nuclear power plant to serve the three countries.6. Although the use of nuclear power has so far been concentrated in industrialized countries, the landscape has changed considerably in terms of new construction: 17 of the 29 reactors currently under construction are in developing countries.India, for example, has seven reactors under construction and is planning a big expansion of capacity by 2022.China has four reactors under construction and envisions more than a fivefold expansion of nuclear generating capacity by 2020.Some countries in Asia and the Pacific are planning to incorporate nuclear power into their energy mix.Indonesia, for example, recently announced that it had decided to build two megawatt reactors in central Java, and Vietnam said it intended to press ahead with its nuclear programme.To this end, a workshop on the introduction of a nuclear power series for developing countries was held in Vienna in December under the auspices of iaea.

2006 年的问题和活动

1. 国际原子能机构在其职能范围内的技术、安全和核查三个支柱下开展的工作继续为确保核技术促进“和平、健康及繁荣”作出贡献奠定了基础。本章节对 2006 年在世界范围内涉及原子能机构自身活动的重要发展情况作了回顾。

技术

2. 原子能机构在其核技术计划的范围内促进核信息和核知识的交流，开展能力建设，并主要通过技术合作计划向成员国转让技术。这样做的目的是便利和促进核科学和相关技术的利用，以便通过安全使用核电和在粮食生产、人类健康、水资源管理、环境保护和工业应用领域以可持续的方式满足成员国的社会经济发展需求。

核电的现状与趋势

3. 到 2006 年底，全世界运行中的核动力堆有 435 座，发电装机容量约为 370 吉瓦

（电），提供了世界约 16%的电力。两座新反应堆并入电网（中国和印度），八座反应堆退休（保加利亚两座，斯洛伐克和西班牙各一座，英国四座）。开工建设项目有三个，加上俄罗斯联邦的一座核电厂复工建造，在建核发电总容量到年底已达到2364.1 万千瓦（电）。一些国家，特别是中国、印度、日本、巴基斯坦、俄罗斯联邦和大韩民国，纷纷宣布了大规模扩展的计划。此外，阿根廷、法国、南非、乌克兰和美国也都表示准备扩大其现有计划。

4. 获得可靠而充足的能源对于发展至关重要。世界各地的能源需求继续迅猛增长， 经合组织能源机构最新的预测估计，按照目前的消费水平，全球能源消耗到 2030 年将增加 53%。这种增长的约 70%将来自发展中国家。该预测还首次承认，核电与其他能源一道不仅能满足日益增加的能源需求和加强能源供应安全，而且还能减少空气中的碳排放量，因为化石燃料生产的能源约占人造温室气体的一半。因此，原子能机构和经合组织能源机构新的中期预测均指出了大幅度扩大利用核电的可能性。原子能机构还设立了“司际核电支助组”，以便为有兴趣考虑引进或扩大核电的成员国提供协调一致的支持。

5. 在美国，许多公司和财团已宣布许可证申请计划，这些申请共计列出了大约 30 座新反应堆。在加拿大，已经提出了两项场址准备申请。英国正在开展的能源审查将解决新建核电站是否会为实现英国的能源政策目标作出重要贡献的问题。爱沙尼亚、立陶宛和拉脱维亚的电力公司发起了一项有关为这三个国家共同提供服务的一座新核电厂的联合可行性研究。

 6.尽管对核电的利用迄今还集中在工业化国家，但就新开工建设情况而言，格局已经发生了很大变化：目前在建的 29 座反应堆有 17 座在发展中国家。例如，印度有七座在建的反应堆，并且正计划在 2022 年前大幅度扩大容量。中国在建的反应堆有四座，而且设想到 2020 年将核发电容量扩大五倍以上。亚洲及太平洋地区的一些国家正计划将核电纳入其能源结构。例如，印度尼西亚最近就宣布，它已决定在爪哇省中部建设两座 100 万千瓦的反应堆，越南则表示打算推进其核电计划。为此，在原子能机构的主持下，12 月在维也纳举办了发展中国家引入核电系列问题讲习班。