碳跟踪系统的分析表明，如果我们有一个实现气候变化目标的合理机会，那么在未来几十年里，世界上60-80%的煤炭、石油和天然气储量将不能被燃烧。这引发了这样一个问题:企业是在制造搁浅资产，还是在浪费资金开发未来可能没有市场的储备?<p></p>Analysis by Carbon Tracker has indicated that 60-80% of the world’s coal, oil and gas reserves cannot be burnt in the ...
南非和世界各地的机构投资者认识到，将全球变暖控制在2度以下对于保持长期稳定回报的潜力至关重要。实现气候安全需要南非资本市场从高碳到低碳的战略转型。本报告旨在通过强调南非碳预算对煤炭部门资产管理的潜在影响范围来协助这一进程。更具体地说，这是政府雇员养老基金（gepf）等普遍投资者感兴趣的。这些投资者在约翰内斯堡上市的股票中持有大量股份，并渴望了解他们作为南非低碳未来投资者的角色。<p></p>Institutional investors in South Africa a...
Mesoporous polyethylene glycol-resorcinol and formaldehyde(PEG-RF) carbon xerogels were prepared by a new polymer blend method in which PEG-RF mixed organic xerogels were synthesized by blending thermally unstable polyethylene glycol with organic monomers, resorcinol and formaldehyde and then subjected to pyrolization at 1 000 ℃. The influences of mass ratio of PEG to the theoretical yield of RF xerogel, m(PEG)/m(RF) and the relative molecular mass of PEG on the pore structure and electric double layer capacitance(EDLC) performance of PEG-RF carbon xerogels were investigated. The results show that PEG under different conditions leads to the difference of phase separation structure of the polymer blend and thus the change of pore structure of PEG-RF carbon xerogels. Specific surface area and capacity of PEG-RF carbon xerogels in 30% H2SO4 solution can reach 755 m2/g and 150 F/g, respectively. Their surface can be fully utilized to form electric double layer. However, the pore structure differences of PEG-RF carbon xerogels result in their different EDLC performances. The distributed capacitance effect increases with decreasing the pore size of PEG-RF carbon xerogels....
The main object of the present research is to make a quantitative evaluation on the microstructure of carbon materials in terms of microcrystal. The digitized images acquired from finely pulverized carbon materials under HRTEM at a high magnification were processed by the image processing software so as to extract the fringes of (002) lattice of graphite crystal from the background image,and an FFT-IFFT filtering operation was performed followed by processes as binarization for the image and skeletonization for the fringes. A set of geometrical parameters including position,length and orientation was set up for every lattice fringe by calculating the binarized image. Then,the above obtained fringe parameters were put into an algorithm,which was especially developed for such fringe images so as to find fringes that could be regarded as those belonged to one single graphite microcrystal. The fringe was subjected sequentially to comparing procedures with every other fringe on aspects as parallelism,relative position and spacing,and the above comparisons were repeated till the last fringe. Eventually,the microcrystal size,its stacking number,and the distribution of the microcrystal in the whole sample,as well as other related structure information of such microcrystal in carbon materials were statistically calculated. Such microstructure information at nanometer level may contribute greatly to the interpretation of the properties of carbon materials and a better correlation with the same macrostructure....
Low-carbon economic development has become a fundamental approach to coordinating economic development and carbon emissions mitigation. As rapid developing economic, aviation and navigation, and financial center of North China, Tianjin's energy demand and CO, emissions are mushrooming, with per capita CO, emission from fossil fuel combustion exceeding 20 t in 2020, which much exceeds current level of USA. In the background of global responding to climate change, China will likely he requested to commit peaking its GHG emissions during 2020-2030, which will inevitably reduce the room of development in Tianjin enormously. Tianjin should make deployment ahead, realizing win-win of addressing climate change and sustainable development, with low-carbon economic development as important strategic mission, First of all, Tianjin should devote more efforts to reducing energy intensity and realizing relative emission reduction. Scenario analysis shows that Tianjin's future CO2 emissions Will continue to increase rapidly, but they can be significantly reduced by taking measures. Second, Tianjin should get ready for achieving absolute reduction of CO2 emissions as soon as possible, preparing system, technology and talent in advance, making great efforts to establish institutional mechanisms conducive to low-carbon development ,from now on, starting from energy conservation and emission reduction, actively carrying out low-carbon technology research and development, vigorously developing the tertiary industry with low emissions, developing new and renewable energy resources, actively promote low-carbon consumption....
According to the concept of circular economy, the mass integration of alcohol production was investigated though the analysis of the carbon element contained in raw material cassava. Through the mass integration, the distillage wastewater turned into carbon resource and produced a great deal of by-product biogas while its chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced from 50000 mg/L to not more than 300 mg/L, the local secondary effluent standards, and other by-products such as CO2 (liquidized) and fusel oil were recovered. In the way, the consumption of raw material was only 2.2 tons cassava to produce 1 ton alcohol (96%, ψ) in the case study, much lower than the average level 2.92 t/t in China. The carbon element balance for production of alcohol was made through testing the concentrations of the carbon element of all mass flows. The results showed that the mass integration helped the availability of the carbon element increased from 44.74% to 64.75%....
A series of methods for activated carbon regeneration were briefly introduced.Such as thermal regeneration,chemical regeneration,biochemical regeneration,and newly supercritical fluid regeneration, electrochemical regeneration,light-catalyzed regeneration,and microwave radiation method,and the developing trend of activated carbon regeneration was predicted....
Thermal mechanical analysis, FT- IR, WAXD and some conventional measurements, such as densities and mechanical properties, were used to characterize the effect of the modification using KMnO4 and SnCl4 on the thermal mechanical behaviors and structural changes dining the process of thermal stabilization of modified PAN precursors. to the unmodified original PAN precursors, some conclusions were drawn that the thermal stabilization starts at a lower temperature for modified PAN fibers, for example, the peak of thermal stress changes for modified PAN precursors using KMnO4 displays a decrease of 20℃ and a increase of 30% in the ultimate thermal stress, that chemical modification makes structural transformation perfect and increases by 25% of the thermal stress at the temperature range of 230℃- 300℃, that the modified PAN fibers display an increase of 100% in the thermal strain, once after pre-oxidized, show an increase of 7.8% in orientation index, and a decrease of 9.9% in crystal size for identical preload in the region of 13.1 - 14.5 MPa. It was also concluded that the modification using SnCl4 would alleviate the changes in physical and chemical stress regimes and result in improvement in structure and decrease in defects....
A new dual-composition catalyst based on Ni-Mo/MgO with high efficiency of producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from methane was reported recently. In the present article, with this type of catalyst, the impact of such experimental parameters as reaction temperature, reaction time,concentration of H2, flow rate ratio of CH4 to H2 on yield and graphitization were investigated, leading to the following optimal growth conditions:synthesized. Raman measurement indicated that the as-synthesized product was well-graphitized, and the purity was estimated over 95% by TG-DSC analysis. In terms of the above results, an explanation of high-efficiency formation of CNTs bundles and the co-catalysis mechanism of Ni-Mo/MgO were suggested....
The solidification structure, microstructure evolution during rolling and precipitates with nanometers in dimension of thelow carbon steels produced by CSP process with thin slabs have been studied in recent years. Important differences in microstructureand mechanical properties between the CSP products and the conventional one were observed. These differences may arise from themuch rapider solidification rate and cooling rate after casting of the thin slabs. Some aspects of the microstructure for the low carbonsteels of the CSP thin slabs are summarized and compared with the conventional one....
Objective To assess whether Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) used in combination could accelerate the process of fibrosis and whether Ang Ⅱ play a role in exaggerating hepatic fibrosis in rats.Methods Ang Ⅱ was injected into the abdominal cavity of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats together with subcutaneous injection of CCl4. Rats were killed after 14 and 28 d. Blood serum and liver specimen were collected. The extent of fibrosis in the stained liver tissue sections was determined with the KS 400 Image Analysis System. Results Rats receiving Ang Ⅱ and CCl4 for 28 d showed extensive liver fibrosis. Along with the increase of hepatic fibrosis, the serum concentration of Ang Ⅱ went up gradually. Conclusions A combination of Ang Ⅱ and CCl4 would accelerate the process of hepatic fibrosis. Ang Ⅱ probably took part in the occurrence of heparic fibrosis....
This paper presents a new route about producing carbon black, by which the naturalgas cracking is carried out in the absence of oxygen thanks to an electric energy supply externallygiven by a plasma jet. The carbon black produced by this process has a narrow size distributionand a small average diameter of 38 nm as well as a highly branched aggregate. The higher DBPvalue of 1.40 ml/g shows it should be a high structure carbon black. The FTIR spectra shows thatthere are lots of aromatic c-c bonds and a large amount of nitrogen-containing functional groupson the carbon blacks surface, such as -NH, -CN as well as -CH, -OH, -COOH groups....
The effect of different metal contamination levels of catalysts for Deep Catalytic Cracking (DCC) on the distribu-tion and selectivity of DCC products was investigated in a FCC pilot unit. The pilot test results showed that the effects of the metal contamination level of catalyst on the propylene yield, the coke yield, the LPG yield, the gasoline yield, the selectivity of low carbon olefins, and coke selectivity was significant, and that the influence of metal contamination level on the conversion and dry gas yield was minor....
The control strategy and simulation of external carbon addition were specially studied in an anoxic-oxic(A/O) process with low carbon: nitrogen(C/N) domestic wastewater. The control strategy aimed to adjust the flow rate of external carbon dosage to the anoxic zone, thus the concentration of nitrate plus nitrite( NOx -N) in the anoxic zone was kept closed to the set point. The relationship was studied between the NOx-N concentration in the anoxic zone(SNo) and the dosage of external carbon, and the results showed that the removal efficiency of the total nitrogen(TN) could not be largely improved by double dosage of carbon source when SNO reached about 2mg/L. Through keeping SNO at the level of about 2 mg/L, the demand of effluent quality could be met and the carbon dosage could be optimized. Based on the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM No. 1 ), a simplified mathematical model of external carbon dosage was developed. Simulation results showed that PI controller and feed-forward PI controller both had good dynamic response and steady precision. And feed-forward PI controller had better control effects due to its consideration of influent disturbances....
Steel is the most important metallic material used in industry. This is because of the versatility of its engineering properties under different conditions. In one condition it can be very mild, soft and suitable for any forming operation. In another condition the same steel can be very hard and strong. This versatility is made possible by the different heat treatments that the steel can be subject to. One such treatment is Gas carburizing. This is the most widely used process for surface hardening of low carbon steels. In this method the surface composition of the steel changes by diffusion of carbon and or nitrogen and result in hard outer surface with good wear resistance properties. A striking feature of Gas Carburizing process is that in this process the original toughness and ductility remains unaffected even after heat treatment. 3% nickel chromium case hardened low carbon steels are widely used for critical automotive and machine applications such as rack and pinion, gears, camshaft, valve rocker shafts and axles which requires high fatigue resistance. Fatigue behaviour of case carburized parts depends to a great extent on the correct combination of Hardness Penetration Depth (HPD) and the magnitude of hardness at the surface and beneath the surface with low size and shape distortion. In order to reduce the manufacturing costs in terms of material consumption and elimination of the number of processing steps, the effect of Gas carburizing parameters on the fatigue behaviour should already be considered in the parameter design stage. Therefore it is of importance to optimize the gas carburizing process variables to attain quality products with respect to hardness and case depth. In the present paper, the evaluation of process capability was carried out through a Limit Design Concept called orthogonal array design of experiment. To optimize the process variables the influence of several parameters (Holding time,Carbon potential, Furnace temperature and Quench time) of the gas carburizing process on the micro hardness, total case depth, effective case depth and level of distortion of AISI 8620 steel were discussed....
The microstructure analysis was employed for the ferritic stainless steel (SUS430) with the carbon content from 0.029wt% to 0.100wt% under the simulated heating process condition. The higher carbon sample (430H) contains the duplex phase micro-structure at the temperature of 1150℃; on the other hand, the lower carbon content sample (430L) does not touch two phase area even at the temperature of 1450℃ and has the single phase ferritic microstrucmre. The carbon content need be well controlled for the 430 ferritic stainless steel since it can significandy affect the heating process curve, and the heating process may not be done in the two phase area due to the uncontrolled carbon content. With the low carbon content and the proper soaking time, the grain size is not sensitive to the heating process temperature and the soaking time. In the present heat treatment experiments, the soaking time is about 10 rain, and the processing parameters can be chosen according to the requ'trernent of the gross energy, the efficiency and the continual forming....
Two carboxylation processes were carried out to modify multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles (m-MWNTs). The results showed that both of the m-MWNTs could be highly dispersed in water with the concentration up to 25 and 15mg/mL in ethanol without obvious deposition or conglomeration over 6 months. FTIR, Raman, TGA and TEM characterizations of the mMWNTs showed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups have been attached with MWNTs, and that the nanotube structure was only damaged a little after modification treatments in mixed acids over 24h. Above prepared nanotube suspensions in water were successfully used as a filler of thermoplastic PVA composite to enhance its electrical conductivity. The results showed that the addition of m-MWNTs greatly improved the conductivity and the threshold of mass fraction was about 5wt%. The results also proved that purification process was not needed because of high purity of the raw MWNTs prepared in our group....
Carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays confined by porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template were synthesized using ethanol as reactant carbon source at low pressure. Images by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and low magnification transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that these CNTs have highly uniform outer diameter and length, absolutely controlled by the diameter and depth of nano-channel arrays of the AAO. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging indicates that the graphitization of the CNT walls is better than the results reported on this kind of template-based CNT arrays, although it is not so good as that of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesized by catalysis. CNTs synthesized using acetylene as reactant gas show much less graphitization than those prepared using ethanol by comparing the results of HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy. The etching effects of decomposed OH radicals on the amorphous carbon and the roughness of AAO nano-channel arrays on the CNTs growth were employed to explain the graphitization and growth of the CNTs....
Y-shaped structure was synthesized by ethanol catalytic combustion(ECC) technique on the copper plate substrate,without directly seeding catalyst into the flame. The as-grown Y-junction carbon nanofibres were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The very common laboratory ethanol burner was used for synthesizing carbon nanofibres. Two kinds of the catalyst precursor,which are iron nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) and nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2),were respectively employed to assist the formation of Y-junction carbon nanofibres. TEM analysis confirm the formation of Y-junction in the coiled and noncoiled carbon nanofibres. The type of the catalyst is found to be crucial to grow different Y-junction carbon nanofibres. Different Y-shaped structure may possess different mechanical and electronic properties. These three-terminal nanofibres provide the nanoelectronics community with a novel material for the development of molecular-scale electronic devices....
Bamboo-like carbon nanotubes were synthesized by ethanol catalytic combustion (ECC) technique with combustion method. Copper plate was employed as substrate,ethanol as carbon source,and iron chloride as catalyst precursor. The as-grown black powder was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the thinner bamboo-like carbon nanotubes have a relatively good structure that the compartment layers are more regular,while the thicker carbon nanotubes have a relatively irregular bamboo-like structure:the proposed method is simple to synthesize bamboo-like carbon nanotubes and has some advantages,such as flexible synthesis conditions,simple setup,and environment-friendly....
