A series of methods for activated carbon regeneration were briefly introduced.Such as thermal regeneration,chemical regeneration,biochemical regeneration,and newly supercritical fluid regeneration, electrochemical regeneration,light-catalyzed regeneration,and microwave radiation method,and the developing trend of activated carbon regeneration was predicted....
Thermal mechanical analysis, FT- IR, WAXD and some conventional measurements, such as densities and mechanical properties, were used to characterize the effect of the modification using KMnO4 and SnCl4 on the thermal mechanical behaviors and structural changes dining the process of thermal stabilization of modified PAN precursors. to the unmodified original PAN precursors, some conclusions were drawn that the thermal stabilization starts at a lower temperature for modified PAN fibers, for example, the peak of thermal stress changes for modified PAN precursors using KMnO4 displays a decrease of 20℃ and a increase of 30% in the ultimate thermal stress, that chemical modification makes structural transformation perfect and increases by 25% of the thermal stress at the temperature range of 230℃- 300℃, that the modified PAN fibers display an increase of 100% in the thermal strain, once after pre-oxidized, show an increase of 7.8% in orientation index, and a decrease of 9.9% in crystal size for identical preload in the region of 13.1 - 14.5 MPa. It was also concluded that the modification using SnCl4 would alleviate the changes in physical and chemical stress regimes and result in improvement in structure and decrease in defects....
Small watersheds are the basic composition unit of the Loess Plateau in China.An accurate estimation of vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is of great significance for eco-benefit evaluation in small watershed management in this region.Here we describe the development and testing of a vegetation-producing process model (VPP) of a small watershed in the Loess Plateau.The model couples three modules:radiation adjustment;soil hydrological processes; and vegetation carbon assimilation.Model validation indicates that the VPP model can be used to estimate the NPP of small watersheds in the region.With the VPP model,we estimated the spatial NPP distributions in the Yangou watershed for 2007.The results show that in the Yangou watershed the NPP is relatively low,averaging 168 g C/(m2·a).Trees and shrubs have a higher NPP than crops and grasses.The NPP is larger on the partly shaded and shaded slopes than on the partly sunny and sunny slopes.The NPP on the slopes increases gradually on 0-20° slopes and decreases slightly on slopes steeper than 20°.Our simulation indicates that the vegetation type is the most important factor in determining the NPP distribution in small watersheds in the Loess Plateau....
A new dual-composition catalyst based on Ni-Mo/MgO with high efficiency of producing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from methane was reported recently. In the present article, with this type of catalyst, the impact of such experimental parameters as reaction temperature, reaction time,concentration of H2, flow rate ratio of CH4 to H2 on yield and graphitization were investigated, leading to the following optimal growth conditions:synthesized. Raman measurement indicated that the as-synthesized product was well-graphitized, and the purity was estimated over 95% by TG-DSC analysis. In terms of the above results, an explanation of high-efficiency formation of CNTs bundles and the co-catalysis mechanism of Ni-Mo/MgO were suggested....
The solidification structure, microstructure evolution during rolling and precipitates with nanometers in dimension of thelow carbon steels produced by CSP process with thin slabs have been studied in recent years. Important differences in microstructureand mechanical properties between the CSP products and the conventional one were observed. These differences may arise from themuch rapider solidification rate and cooling rate after casting of the thin slabs. Some aspects of the microstructure for the low carbonsteels of the CSP thin slabs are summarized and compared with the conventional one....
Objective To assess whether Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) used in combination could accelerate the process of fibrosis and whether Ang Ⅱ play a role in exaggerating hepatic fibrosis in rats.Methods Ang Ⅱ was injected into the abdominal cavity of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats together with subcutaneous injection of CCl4. Rats were killed after 14 and 28 d. Blood serum and liver specimen were collected. The extent of fibrosis in the stained liver tissue sections was determined with the KS 400 Image Analysis System. Results Rats receiving Ang Ⅱ and CCl4 for 28 d showed extensive liver fibrosis. Along with the increase of hepatic fibrosis, the serum concentration of Ang Ⅱ went up gradually. Conclusions A combination of Ang Ⅱ and CCl4 would accelerate the process of hepatic fibrosis. Ang Ⅱ probably took part in the occurrence of heparic fibrosis....
This paper presents a new route about producing carbon black, by which the naturalgas cracking is carried out in the absence of oxygen thanks to an electric energy supply externallygiven by a plasma jet. The carbon black produced by this process has a narrow size distributionand a small average diameter of 38 nm as well as a highly branched aggregate. The higher DBPvalue of 1.40 ml/g shows it should be a high structure carbon black. The FTIR spectra shows thatthere are lots of aromatic c-c bonds and a large amount of nitrogen-containing functional groupson the carbon blacks surface, such as -NH, -CN as well as -CH, -OH, -COOH groups....
The effect of different metal contamination levels of catalysts for Deep Catalytic Cracking (DCC) on the distribu-tion and selectivity of DCC products was investigated in a FCC pilot unit. The pilot test results showed that the effects of the metal contamination level of catalyst on the propylene yield, the coke yield, the LPG yield, the gasoline yield, the selectivity of low carbon olefins, and coke selectivity was significant, and that the influence of metal contamination level on the conversion and dry gas yield was minor....
The control strategy and simulation of external carbon addition were specially studied in an anoxic-oxic(A/O) process with low carbon: nitrogen(C/N) domestic wastewater. The control strategy aimed to adjust the flow rate of external carbon dosage to the anoxic zone, thus the concentration of nitrate plus nitrite( NOx -N) in the anoxic zone was kept closed to the set point. The relationship was studied between the NOx-N concentration in the anoxic zone(SNo) and the dosage of external carbon, and the results showed that the removal efficiency of the total nitrogen(TN) could not be largely improved by double dosage of carbon source when SNO reached about 2mg/L. Through keeping SNO at the level of about 2 mg/L, the demand of effluent quality could be met and the carbon dosage could be optimized. Based on the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM No. 1 ), a simplified mathematical model of external carbon dosage was developed. Simulation results showed that PI controller and feed-forward PI controller both had good dynamic response and steady precision. And feed-forward PI controller had better control effects due to its consideration of influent disturbances....
Steel is the most important metallic material used in industry. This is because of the versatility of its engineering properties under different conditions. In one condition it can be very mild, soft and suitable for any forming operation. In another condition the same steel can be very hard and strong. This versatility is made possible by the different heat treatments that the steel can be subject to. One such treatment is Gas carburizing. This is the most widely used process for surface hardening of low carbon steels. In this method the surface composition of the steel changes by diffusion of carbon and or nitrogen and result in hard outer surface with good wear resistance properties. A striking feature of Gas Carburizing process is that in this process the original toughness and ductility remains unaffected even after heat treatment. 3% nickel chromium case hardened low carbon steels are widely used for critical automotive and machine applications such as rack and pinion, gears, camshaft, valve rocker shafts and axles which requires high fatigue resistance. Fatigue behaviour of case carburized parts depends to a great extent on the correct combination of Hardness Penetration Depth (HPD) and the magnitude of hardness at the surface and beneath the surface with low size and shape distortion. In order to reduce the manufacturing costs in terms of material consumption and elimination of the number of processing steps, the effect of Gas carburizing parameters on the fatigue behaviour should already be considered in the parameter design stage. Therefore it is of importance to optimize the gas carburizing process variables to attain quality products with respect to hardness and case depth. In the present paper, the evaluation of process capability was carried out through a Limit Design Concept called orthogonal array design of experiment. To optimize the process variables the influence of several parameters (Holding time,Carbon potential, Furnace temperature and Quench time) of the gas carburizing process on the micro hardness, total case depth, effective case depth and level of distortion of AISI 8620 steel were discussed....
The microstructure analysis was employed for the ferritic stainless steel (SUS430) with the carbon content from 0.029wt% to 0.100wt% under the simulated heating process condition. The higher carbon sample (430H) contains the duplex phase micro-structure at the temperature of 1150℃; on the other hand, the lower carbon content sample (430L) does not touch two phase area even at the temperature of 1450℃ and has the single phase ferritic microstrucmre. The carbon content need be well controlled for the 430 ferritic stainless steel since it can significandy affect the heating process curve, and the heating process may not be done in the two phase area due to the uncontrolled carbon content. With the low carbon content and the proper soaking time, the grain size is not sensitive to the heating process temperature and the soaking time. In the present heat treatment experiments, the soaking time is about 10 rain, and the processing parameters can be chosen according to the requ'trernent of the gross energy, the efficiency and the continual forming....
Two carboxylation processes were carried out to modify multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles (m-MWNTs). The results showed that both of the m-MWNTs could be highly dispersed in water with the concentration up to 25 and 15mg/mL in ethanol without obvious deposition or conglomeration over 6 months. FTIR, Raman, TGA and TEM characterizations of the mMWNTs showed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups have been attached with MWNTs, and that the nanotube structure was only damaged a little after modification treatments in mixed acids over 24h. Above prepared nanotube suspensions in water were successfully used as a filler of thermoplastic PVA composite to enhance its electrical conductivity. The results showed that the addition of m-MWNTs greatly improved the conductivity and the threshold of mass fraction was about 5wt%. The results also proved that purification process was not needed because of high purity of the raw MWNTs prepared in our group....
Carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays confined by porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template were synthesized using ethanol as reactant carbon source at low pressure. Images by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and low magnification transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that these CNTs have highly uniform outer diameter and length, absolutely controlled by the diameter and depth of nano-channel arrays of the AAO. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging indicates that the graphitization of the CNT walls is better than the results reported on this kind of template-based CNT arrays, although it is not so good as that of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) synthesized by catalysis. CNTs synthesized using acetylene as reactant gas show much less graphitization than those prepared using ethanol by comparing the results of HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy. The etching effects of decomposed OH radicals on the amorphous carbon and the roughness of AAO nano-channel arrays on the CNTs growth were employed to explain the graphitization and growth of the CNTs....
Y-shaped structure was synthesized by ethanol catalytic combustion(ECC) technique on the copper plate substrate,without directly seeding catalyst into the flame. The as-grown Y-junction carbon nanofibres were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The very common laboratory ethanol burner was used for synthesizing carbon nanofibres. Two kinds of the catalyst precursor,which are iron nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) and nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2),were respectively employed to assist the formation of Y-junction carbon nanofibres. TEM analysis confirm the formation of Y-junction in the coiled and noncoiled carbon nanofibres. The type of the catalyst is found to be crucial to grow different Y-junction carbon nanofibres. Different Y-shaped structure may possess different mechanical and electronic properties. These three-terminal nanofibres provide the nanoelectronics community with a novel material for the development of molecular-scale electronic devices....
Bamboo-like carbon nanotubes were synthesized by ethanol catalytic combustion (ECC) technique with combustion method. Copper plate was employed as substrate,ethanol as carbon source,and iron chloride as catalyst precursor. The as-grown black powder was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the thinner bamboo-like carbon nanotubes have a relatively good structure that the compartment layers are more regular,while the thicker carbon nanotubes have a relatively irregular bamboo-like structure:the proposed method is simple to synthesize bamboo-like carbon nanotubes and has some advantages,such as flexible synthesis conditions,simple setup,and environment-friendly....
A general, simple and economic synthetic method for synthesizing carbon nanofibers was presented. In the method, ethanol was employed as carbon source; metal salts such as nickel nitrate, ferric nitrate and ferric chloride were used as catalyst precursor respectively; copper plate was employed as the support material. A lot of products were obtained by catalytic combustion deposition of ethanol vapor. Then the as-prepared carbon nanofibers were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy and selected-area electron diffractometry. By analyzing the results of characterization, the conclusions are as follows: 1) the large catalyst particles tend to formlarge-diameter CNFs, small catalyst particles are inclinable to form small-diameter CNFs; 2) the morphology of the catalyst can affect the final morphology of the CNFs. Moreover, the possible growth mechanisms were proposed and the degree of graphitization of samples was estimated by Raman spectroscopy characterization....
通过建立包含动量、质量传递以及化学反应动力学方程的多物理场耦合数值模型，对以Ni为催化剂的甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气过程中的积炭效应展开了计算。计算结果阐明了包含多孔介质催化剂段的反应通道中的速度场及压力分布，以及在通道中随气体流动以及沉积在催化剂表面的碳颗粒的浓度分布，分析了积炭对催化剂孔隙率和渗透率的影响，并进一步讨论了甲烷浓度以及温度对积炭产生的影响，最后提出了消减积炭的方法。本文的结论对于进一步研究 Ni 基催化剂在 CH4-CO2重整制合成气反应中积炭效应的消减有一定的指导意义。...
The performances of CO selective oxidation in hydrogen-rich gas over four catalytic systems of CuO/ZrO2, CuO/MnO2, CuO/CoO and CuO/CeO2 were compared. The reducibility of these catalysts and the effect of CuO and CeO2 molar ratio of CuO/CeO2 catalysts on the activity of selective CO oxidation are investigated by XRD and TPR methods. The results show that the catalysts with the exception of CuO/ZrO2 have the interactions between CuO and CoO, CeO2 or MnO2, which result in a decrease in the reduction temperature. Among the catalysts studied, CuO/ZrO2 catalyst shows the lowest catalytic activity while CuO/CeO2 catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance. The CuO(10%)/CeO2 catalyst attains the highest CO conversion and selectivity at 140 and 160 ℃. The addition of 9% H2O in the reactant feed decreases the activity of CuO/CeO2 catalyst but increases its CO selectivity....
The effect of HCO3- concentration on CO2 corrosion was investigated by polarization measurement of potentiodynamic scans and weight-loss method. Under the conditions of high pressure and high temperature, the corrosion rate of steel X65 decreased with the increase of HCO3- concentration, while pH of solution increased. SEM, EDS, and XRD results of the corrosion scales indicated that the typical FeCO3 crystallite was found at low HCO3- concentration but Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2 was found at high HCO3 concentration. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are precipitated preferential to Fe2+ at high pH value. Potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that the cathodic current density decreases with the increase of HCO3- concentration at low HCO3- concentration. When the HCO3- concentration reaches 0.126 mol/L, increasing HCO3 concentration promotes cathodic reactions. Anodic behavior is an active process at low HCO3- concentration and the anodic current density decreases with the increase of HCO3- concentration. An evident active-passive behavior is exhibited in anodic process at 0.126 mol/L HCO3-....
292 chemical composition data and 82 isotopic composition data of gas samples collected from the Taibei Depression of the Turpan-Hami Basin, West China, were used in the study of their origin. Non-hydrocarbon gas is poor in most samples whereas abundant nitrogen in some samples is positively correlated with δ13C1. Although methane is the main constituent, higher molecular gaseous hydrocarbons, from ethane to pentane, are detected in most samples, in accordance with the distribution of oil reservoirs. The stable carbon isotope ratios of methane, eth-ane and propane are defined as d13C1: -45.5‰ to -33.5‰, d13C2: -30.2‰ to -10.5‰, and d13C3: 27.6‰ to -11.2‰, respectively. According to the distribution of carbon isotope ratios, 2 families of gas can be grouped, most showing normal distribution of carbon isotopes, and others having obvious heavier carbon isotopes and being of abnormal distribution. Based on the isotopic composition, the disagreement between the relationship of Δ(d13C1-d13C2) and d13C2 and that of Δ(d13C1-d13C2) and d13C2, and the calculated Ro, there are oil-associated gas, coal-derived gas and mixture of them. Other samples with obviously heavier isotopic compositions from the Yanmuxi oilfield of the Taibei Depression have been degraded by organisms....
