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Characteristics of Pore Water Pressure of Saturated Silt Under Wave Loading
The characteristics of dynamic stress in the seabed under wave loading are constant principal stress and continuous rotation of the principal stress direction. Cyclic triaxial-torsional coupling shear tests were performed on saturated silt by the hollow cylinder apparatus under different relative densities, deviator stress ratios and vibration frequencies to study the development of pore water pressure of the saturated silt under wave loading. It was found that the development of pore water pressure follows the trend of "fast - steady - drastic". The turning point from fast to steady stage is not affected by relative density and deviator stress ratio. However, the turning point from steady to drastic stage relies on relative density and deviator stress ratio. The vibration cycle for the liquefaction of saturated silt decreases with increasing deviator stress ratio and increases with relative density. The vibration cycle for the liquefaction of the saturated silt increases with vibration frequency and reaches a peak value, after which it decreases with increasing vibration frequency for the relative density of 70% . But the vibration cycle for the liquefaction of saturated silt increases with vibration frequency for the relative density of 30%. The development of pore water pressure of the saturated silt is influenced by relative density and vibration frequency....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：53
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California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water and Agricultural Energy Use in Californ
The California Simulation of Evapotranspiration of Applied Water (Cal-SIMETAW) model is a new tool developed by the California Department of Water Resources and the University of California, Davis to perform daily soil water balance and determine crop evapotranspiration (ETc), evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw), and applied water (AW) for use in California water resources planning. ETaw is a seasonal estimate of the water needed to irrigate a crop assuming 100%irrigation efficiency. The model accounts for soils, crop coefficients, rooting depths, seepage, etc. that influence crop water balance. It provides spatial soil and climate information and it uses historical crop and land-use category information to provide seasonal water balance estimates by combinations of detailed analysis unit and county (DAU/County) over California. The result is a large data base of ETc and ETaw that will be used to update information in the new California Water Plan (CWP). The application uses the daily climate data, i.e., maximum (Tx) and minimum (Tn) temperature and precipitation (Pcp), which were derived from monthly USDA-NRCS PRISM data (PRISM Group 2011) and daily US National Climate Data Center (NCDC) climate station data to cover California on a 4 km×4 km change grid spacing. The application uses daily weather data to determine reference evapotranspiration (ETo), using the Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation (Hargreaves and Samani 1982, 1985). Because the HS equation is based on temperature only, ETo from the HS equation were compared with CIMIS ETo at the same locations using available CIMIS data to determine correction factors to estimate CIMIS ETo from the HS ETo to account for spatial climate differences. Cal-SIMETAW also employs near real-time reference evapotranspiration (ETo) information from Spatial CIMIS, which is a model that combines weather station data and remote sensing to provide a grid of ETo information. A second database containing the available soil water holding capacity and soil depth information for all of California was also developed from the USDA-NRCS SSURGO database. The Cal-SIMETAW program also has the ability to generate daily weather data from monthly mean values for use in studying climate change scenarios and their possible impacts on water demand in the state. The key objective of this project is to improve the accuracy of water use estimates for the California Water Plan (CWP), which provides a comprehensive report on water supply, demand, and management in California. In this paper, we will discuss the model and how it determines ETaw for use in water resources planning....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：27
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Relative roles of resuspended particles and pore water in release of contaminants from sediment
Sediment layers containing contaminants play a significant role in environmental hydrodynamics. Experiments were conducted in order to characterize the relative roles of resuspended particles and pore water under different flow and sediment conditions. A conservative tracer (NaCl) and a reactive tracer (phosphate) were used as contaminants in the bottom sediment in a laboratory flume. The mixing between the overlying water and pore water occurred over a short time while the desorption of contaminants from fine-grained resuspended particles lasted a relatively long time. The effects of resuspended particles and pore water on the variations of release flux and concentration of contaminants in water with time under different hydrodynamic conditions were quantified. The results show that pore water dominated the initial release flux, which could be several orders of magnitude greater than the flux due to molecular diffusion. Flux contribution of desorption from sediment particles in the latter release could be equal to what was seen from pore water in the initial stage....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：53
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Study on water saturation computation model in complex pore volcanic reservoir
Determination of water saturation is important for reservoir evaluation.When complex pore structures such as fracture and cavity are present in reservoir,Archie equation is no longer suitable.According to different models of pore structure division,the authors studied water saturation computation models.The results show that dual porosity system is divided into four models.The first model is based on dual laterolog,the second is Dual Porosity Ⅰ,the third is Dual Porosity Ⅱ,and the last one is based on the conductive pore.Besides,the triple porosity system is triple porosity model.Compute water saturation was using all the above five models in volcanic reservoir in Songnan gas field.The triple porosity system is the most suitable model for water saturation computation in complex pore structure volcanic reservoir....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：49
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Treatment of oil/water emulsion by polyethylene glycol ultrafiltration membrane
Polyethylene glycol(PEG) membranes with different molecular mass cut-offs were used to treat oil/water emulsion, and the effects of experimental conditions including pressure, temperature and different opera-ting modes on permeate flux and removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) were studied. The results show that the permeate flux of ultrafiltration membrane is influenced by pressure and temperature; practical pressure is chosen to be 0.3-0.7 MPa for the PEG with molecular mass cut-offs of 8 000 and 0.7-1.0 MPa for the PEG with molecular mass cut-offs of 2 500; and the practical temperature is chosen to be 25-32 ℃. Different operating modes of ultrafiltration also influence the permeate flux and removal rate of CODCr. The ultrafiltration membrane of intermittent cross-flow operating mode is easier to be influenced by blocky polarization and contamination than that of sequential cross-flow operating mode. Removal rate of CODCr in intermittent cross-flow and sequential cross-flow condition can be maintained at about 93%....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：44
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Shallow Water Effects on Surge Motion and Load of Soft Yoke Moored FPSO
Much attention should be paid to a large FPSO moored permanently in an oil field with water depth of only about 20 m, since shallow water effects on the hydrodynamics may bring about collision and damage. A 160kDWT FPSO with a permanent soft yoke mooring system is investigated with various shallow water depths and focuses are the low frequency surge motion and mooring load. Computation for the FPSO system is made based on linear 3-D potential fluid theory and time-domain numerical simulation method. Corresponding model test is carried out in the ocean engineering basin of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. It is shown that, in the surge natural period, low frequency surge motion and mooring force increase remarkably with the decrease of water depth. Especially, the smaller the ratio of water depth and draught is, the quicker the increase is. The shallow water effects should be taken into account carefully for determining the design load of a single point mooring system....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：49
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Application of the Population Health Approach to Drinking Water System Surveillance
A drinking water supply is a complicated system in its construction,operation,maintenance and need for public health surveillance.The role of public health in a drinking water supply is to ensure public health protection in all public and community water systems from intake to tap by controlling and preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases,inspecting and monitoring water systems,licensing operating permits,and regulating the construction,alternation or extension of all public and community water systems[1]....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：33
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SYNERGETIC EFFECTS OF SILANE-GRAFTING AND EVA ON WATER TREE RESISTANCE OF LDPE
The synergetic influence of silane-grafting and polar additives(EVA) on the water tree resistance of the low density polyethylene has been investigated.A series of samples obtained before and after hydration have been characterized by measuring gel content,infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric measurements.The results obtained clearly show that the silane condensation occurred and that the silane-grafting and polar additives have synergetic effects on the water tree resistance of LDPE with little influence on its dielectric properties,e.g.the dielectric breakdown strength,dielectric permittivity and olss tangent....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：81
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF USING AIRFLOW TO PURGE RESIDUAL WATER IN AN INCLINED PIPE
A refined theoretical analysis for using the spiral airflow and axial airflow to purge residual water in an inclined pipe was presented. The computations reveal that, in most cases, the spiral flow can purge the residual water in the inclined pipe indeed while the axial flow may induce back flow of the water, just as predicted in the experiments presented by Horii and Zhao et al. In addition, the effects of various initial conditions on water purging were studied in detail for both the spiral and axial flow cases....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：39
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ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF POLLUTANT DISPERSION IN SHALLOW WATER
A finite element method for analysis of pollutant dispersion in shallow water is presented. The analysis is divided into two parts: ( 1 ) computation of the velocity flow field and water surface elevation, and (2) computation of the pollutant concentration field from the dispersion model. The method was combined with an adaptive meshing technique to increase the solution accuracy ,as well as to reduce the computational time and computer memory. The finite element formulation and the computer programs were validated by several examples that have known solutions. In addition, the capability of the combined method was demonstrated by analyzing pollutant dispersion in Chao Phraya River near the gulf of Thailand....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：51
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Experimental study on stable isotopic fractionation of evaporating water under varying temperature
The variation of stable isotope ratios in natural waters provides valuable information that can be used to trace water movement. Evaporation plays a crucial role in determining the variation of stable isotopes. In this paper, several evaporation experiments were conducted in order to study the stable isotopic fractionation mechanism of water and analyze the influence of different temperatures on evaporation fractionation. Three group experiments of water evaporation under different temperatures and initial isotopic values were carried out. The results show that fractionation factors of hydrogen and oxygen may increase with temperature, and the average enrichment degree of hydrogen isotope D is 3.432 times that of oxygen isotope 18O. The results also show that the isotopic composition of the initial water has little influence on water evaporation fractionation, which is mainly affected by the state variables in the evaporation process, such as temperature. This research provides experimental data for further understanding the evaporation fractionation mechanism....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：55
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Effects of Land Management Practices on Soil Water in Southwestern Mountainous Area, China
The effects of selected land management practices (cross-sloping tillage, ridge culture, organic manure, and straw mulch) on soil water conservation in a southwestern mountainous area, China, were studied during November 2002 to November 2004. The experimental field is divided into three parts based on soil layer depths, 0-60 cm (part Ⅰ), 0-40 cm (part Ⅱ), and 0- 20 cm (part Ⅲ), and they all had the same slope azimuth (SE), slope (10°), and slope type (linear). The experimental plots were subjected to the following treatments: cross-sloping tillage (CST); cross-sloping tillage with organic manure (CST/ OM); cross-sloping tillage with straw mulch (CST/SM); contour ridge culture (CRC); contour ridge culture with organic manure (CRC/OM); and contour ridge culture with straw mulch (CRC/SM), to identify the effects of management practices on soil water. Water contents were determined for soil samples collected, using a 2.2 cm diameter manual probe. Soil water was monitored once every five days from Nov. 20, 2002 to Nov. 20, 2004. The results indicated that, in the study stages, an integration of rainfall, evaporative losses, and crop transcription controlled the basic tendencies of profile (mean) soil water, while land management practices, to a certain extent, only modified its amount, distribution, and routing. Moreover, these modifications also mainly focused on the first 20 cm depth of topsoil layer. When each management practice was compared with control treatment, season changes of profile (mean) soil water were pronounced, while interannual changes among them were not significant. More comparisons indicated that, in the study stages, contour ridge culture had better effects than cross-sloping tillage. And under the same tillage, the combination of organic manure could achieve more than straw mulch. These management practices should be recommended considering the effectiveness of soil and water management techniques in the southwestern mountainous area, China....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：45
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Remote sensing parameterization of the processes of energy and water cycle over desertification area
In order to understand the processes of land surface-atmosphere interaction over de-sertification area, it is indispensable to utilize of satellite remote sensing. Two scenes of LandsatTM were used to produce a set of maps of surface reflectance, MSAVI, vegetation coverage, sur-face temperature, net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. Statisticalanalysis based on these maps revealed some quantitative significant land surface characteristics.Future developments of the method are also discussed....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：47
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WAVE EQUATION MODEL FOR SHIP WAVES IN BOUNDED SHALLOW WATER
Ships were modelled as moving pressure disturbances on the free surface of a shallow water basin in the present paper.The moving-pressure generating waves were subjected to the reflection of land boundaries and the radiation of open boundaries.This paper proposed and examined a wave equation model (WEM) to solve the shallow water equations with moving surface pressures simulating ship waves in a bounded shallow water region.The Galerkin finite element method was used to solve a second order wave equation for the free surface elevations and the hydrodynamic pressure of the ship bottom simultaneously.Horizontal velocities were obtained from the momentum equations.Numerical solutions of Series 60 CB=0.6 ships moving with the depth Froude number of Fh=0.6, 1.0, 1.3 in a rectangular shallow water harbor were investigated.Three dimensional surface elevation profiles and the depth-averaged horizontal velocities were analysed.The numerical results characterised very well the ship waves in shallow water.Strong boundary reflection waves were found in the case of high depth Froude number (Fh=1.3).Waves generated by the interactions of two ships moving in the same directions and in the opposite directions were also numerically investigated in the present study....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：68
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Human activity response and prevention strategies on soil and water loss in Sichuan Province
Ten major factors have been selected to judge the degree of disturbance from human activity and the corresponding relationship of the impact on soil and water loss in Sichuan Province. Correlation analysis has demonstrated that stock-carrying capacity, percentage of land reclamation, population density, GDP per capita, mineral modulus and percentage of forest coverage are the 6 most relevant human activity factors. The analysis on the degree of disturbance has shown that population pressure, excessive or unreasonable activities in development of resources and destructive behavior of humans are the main causes of soil and water loss. Consequently, solving the various problems in the negative activity of humans and regulating human behavior are the first tasks that should be tackled in the conservation of water and soil. In the new era, the prevention and rectification of soil and water loss are measures based on the foundation of the ecosystem, which is a kind of management strategy for sustainable development. The foundation of this method is made up of the system innovations and breakthroughs in terms of aims, philosophy, measures, and aspects of the prevention and rectification of soil and water loss, simultaneous advance from the conceptual, policy, spatial, technical and mode levels and system integration on the treatment strategies....
2020-07-08 08:49:41浏览：51
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