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Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives
Environmental pollution affects the quality of pedosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources. Phytoremediation, being more cost-effective and fewer side effects than physical and chemical approaches, has gained increasing popularity in both academic and practical circles. More than 400 plant species have been identified to have potential for soil and water remediation. Among them, Thlaspi, Brassica, Sedum alfredii H., and Arabidopsis species have been mostly studied. It is also expected that recent advances in biotechnology will play a promising role in the development of new hyperaccumulators by transferring metal hyperaccumulating genes from low biomass wild species to the higher biomass producing cultivated species in the times to come. This paper attempted to provide a brief review on recent progresses in research and practical applications of phytoremediation for soil and water resources....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：61
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CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES IN CHIN
This paper discusses the constraining factors to sustainable utilization of water resources in China, and the countermeasures to realize sustainable water utilization. The result of comprehensive analysis shows that constraining factors to sustainable utilization of water resources in China are complicated, including physical geographical factors and socio-economic factors, such as uneven distribution of water resources at temporal and spatial scales,inappropriate institutional arrangement and non-water-saving and non-water-conservation production and life mode.The countermeasures against constraining factors to water resources sustainable development are put forward as follows: 1) using wetlands and forests, and through spatial conversion to realize temporally sustainable supply of water resources; 2) transferring water between basins and areas and developing various water resources in water shortage area; 3) establishing water-saving society; 4) strengthening water pollution control and water resources protection;and 5) establishing unified water resources management mechanism....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：62
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A three-dimensional prediction system for water qualitypolluction in coastal waters
The hydrodynamics and water quality in Hakata Bay, Japan are strongly affected by the seasonal variations in both the gravitational circulation and the stratification in the bay. The three-dimensional hydrodynamics and water quality model has been developed to simulate the long-term transport and fate of pollutants in the system. The model is unique in that it completely integrates the refined modelling of the hydrodynamics, biochemical reactions and the ecosystem in the coastal waters. It is a 3-dimensional segmented model which is capable of resolving mean daily variations in all the parameters relevant to pollution control. It predicts daily fluctuations in the oxygen content at different depths in water throughout the year. It takes into account transport and settling of pollutant particles. It predicts light penetration from computed turbidity variations. It includes interactions between the ecosystem and water quality through nutrient cycling and photosynthesis. The model has been calibrated well against the data set of historical water quality observations in Hakata Bay....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：28
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Evaluation index system for positive operation of water conservancy projects
The conditions for the positive operation of water conservancy projects are described in this paper. A scientific and effective evaluation index system was established based on frequency analysis, theoretical analysis, and expert consultation. This evaluation index system can be divided into six first-level indices: the degree to which facilities are intact and functionality standards are reached, the status of operation and management funds, the rationality and degree of advancement of the management team structure, the adaptability and rationality of the water conservancy project management system, the degree of automatization and informationization of the management techniques, and the conduciveness of the exterior environment. The weights for evaluation indices were obtained through the analytic hierarchy process method with consideration of the difference between public welfare and profit-oriented water conservancy projects. This study provides a scientific method for evaluating the positive operation of water conservancy projects....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：57
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Water quality forecast through application of BP neural network at Yuqiao reservoir
This paper deals with the study of a water quality forecast model through application of BP neural network technique and GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) function of MATLAB at Yuqiao reservoir in Tianjin. To overcome the shortcomings of traditional BP algorithm as being slow to converge and easy to reach extreme minimum value, the model adopts LM (Levenberg-Marquardt) algorithm to achieve a higher speed and a lower error rate. When factors affecting the study object are identified,the reservoir's 2005 measured values are used as sample data to test the model. The number of neurons and the type of transfer functions in the hidden layer of the neural network are changed from time to time to achieve the best forecast results. Through simulation testing the model shows high efficiency in forecasting the water quality of the reservoir....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：65
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Effect of suction change on water content and total volume of an expansive clay
A laboratory study was carried out on both natural and compacted specimens to investigate the complex soil-water interaction in an unsaturated expansive clay. The laboratory study includes the measurement of soil-water characteristic curves, 1D free swelling tests, measurement of swelling pressure and shrinkage tests. The test results revealed that the air-entry value of the natural specimen was quite low due to cracks and fissures present. The hydraulic hysteresis of the natural specimen was relatively insignificant as compared with the compacted specimen. Within a suction range 0 to 500 kPa, a bilinear relationship between free swelling strain (or swelling pressure) and initial soil suction was observed for both the natural and compacted specimens. As a result of over-consolidation and secondary structures such as cementation and cracks, the natural specimens exhibited significant lower swelling (or swelling pressure) than the compacted specimen. The change of matric suction exerts a more significant effect on the water phase than on the soil skeleton for this expansive clay....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：46
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A simplified adsorption model for water vapor adsorption on activated carbon
A simplified model was developed to describe the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon. The development of the simplified model was started from the original model proposed by DO and his co-workers. Two different kinds of carbon materials were prepared for water vapor adsorption, and the adsorption experiments were conducted at different temperatures (20-50 °C) and relative humidities (5%-99%) to test the model. It is shown that the amount of adsorbed water vapor in micropore decreases with the temperature increasing, and the water molecules form larger water clusters around the functional group as the temperature is up to a higher value. The simplified model describes reasonably well for all the experimental data. According to the fitted values, the parameters of simplified model were represented by the temperature and then the model was used to calculate the water vapor adsorption amount at 25 °C and 35 °C. The results show that the model can get relatively accurate values to calculate the water vapor adsorption on activated carbon....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：63
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An Experimental Analysis of Water and Soil Conservation Effected by Micro-landscape Structure
[Objective] This comparative experiment was to explore the soil loss con- trol effects under cultivation combination of different soil and vegetation types, and to provide scientific basis for the upcoming pilot project of ecological recovery. [Method] Both the rudiment of water locomotion functioned by micro-landscape structures and different spatial combinations of various landscape constituents are considered, thus, the combination of multi-soil type, crop species and site conditions is designed in three different experimental sites. [Result] Soil loss estimates in experiments in South Wello significantly depended on various soil type, slope, vegetation and type of con- servation structure; grass cover tremendously reduces soil loss; legume cultivation performed better than cereal cultivation in soil loss control. [Conclusion] By conduct- ing the data analysis of the experiment, a scientific reference is proposed to the agri- culture planting and protective mode for the alleviation of water and soil loss in Amhara Region, Ethiopia....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：42
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Experimental assessment of two-phase bubble pump for solar water heating
The research goal is to develop a new solar water heater system (SWHS) that uses a solar bubble pump instead of an electric pump.The pump is powered by the steam produced from an evacuated tube collector.Therefore,heat could be transferred downward from the collector to a hot water storage tank.The designed system consists of two sets of heat-pipe evacuated tube collectors,a solar bubble pump installed at an upper level and a water storage tank with a heat exchanger at a lower level.Discharge heads of 1 and 5 m were tested.The bubble pump could operate at the collector temperature of about 90-100 ℃ and vapor gage pressure of 80-90 kPa.It is found that water circulation within the SWHS depends on the incident solar intensity and system discharge head.Experimental investigations are conducted to obtain the system thermal efficiencies from the hourly,daily and long-term performance tests.The thermal performance of the proposed system is compared with conventional solar water heaters.he results show that the proposed system achieves system characteristic efficiency of 10％ higher than that of the conventional systets using electric pump fftaking the consumption of electric power into account.And the former is a zero carbon system....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：33
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Test of numerical prediction of sea water temperature in the Taiwan Strait
A dynamic numerical prediction model of sea water temperature for limited sea area is used to predict the sea water temperature at the sea area near Fujian. Essential adjustments have been made in accordance with the characteristics of this region. Two tests have been made. One is in summer (3 d) and the other is in winter (10 d). In the summer test, a typhoon is just passing by and the calculated current field well responds to typhoon. In the winter test, variation tendency of the predicted sea water temperature field agrees with that of the observation basically, the absolute mean error in the whole sea area is 0.6 ℃. The variation of the sea water temperature is mostly affected by entrainment and pumping, which is related to the topography of the strait....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：54
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A Test Model of Water Pressures within a Fault in Rock Slope
This paper introduces model test results of water pressure in a fault, which is located in a slope and 16 different conditions. The results show that the water pressures in fault can be expressed by a linear function, which is similar to the theoretical model suggested by Hoek. Factors affecting water pressures are water level in tension crack, dip angle of fault, the height of filling materials and thickness of fault zone in sequence....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：55
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Analytical Methods for Prediction of Water Absorption in Cement-Based Material
The capillary absorption of water by unsaturated cement-based material is the main reason of degradation of the structures subjected to an aggressive environment since water often acts as the transporting medium for damaging contaminants. It is well known that the capillarity coefficient and sorptivity are two important parameters to characterize the water absorption of porous materials. Generally, the former is used to describe the penetration depth or height of water trans-port, which must be measured by special and advanced equipment. In contrast, the sorptivity represents the relationship between cumulative volume of water uptake and the square root of the elapsed time, which can be easily measured by the gravimetric method in a normal laboratory condition. In the present study, an analytical method is developed to build up a bridge between these two parameters, with the purpose that the sorptivity or the gravimetric method can be used to predict the penetration depth of water absorption. Additionally, a new model to explain the dependence of sorptivity on initial water content of the material is developed in order to fit the in situ condition. The comparison of predicted results by the analytical method with experimental data or numerical calculation results, as well as some previous models, validates the feasibility of the methods presented in this paper....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：55
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A reduced thermodynamic model on the formation of the Nansha warm water
A reduced vertically integrated upper mixed layer model is set up to numerically study the thermodynamic process of the formation of the "Nansha warm water"(NWW) in the Nansha Islands sea areas in spring. According to the numerical experiments, it is shown that, in spring, the formation of the NWW is mainly due to the sea surface net heat flux and the local weak current strength; the contribution from temperature advection transport and warm water exchange with the outer seas (Sulu Sea or south of Sunda shelf) is very little. In the sea areas where the current is strong, the advection may also play an important role in the temperature field....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：60
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Seismic response analysis of arch dam-water-rock foundation systems
The effect of water compressibility on the seismic responses of arch dams is not well understood. In this paper, a numerical model is developed with rigorous representation of the dynamic interaction between arch dam-waterrock foundation. The model is applied to the seismic response analysis of an arch dam with a height of 292m designed to a seismic intensity of Ⅸ. It is shown that consideration of the water compressibility clearly decreases the stress responses at key positions of the dam, while the added mass model gives a conservative estimate....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：41
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The statistic inversion algorithms of water constituents for the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea
A group of statistical algorithms are proposed for the inversion of the three major components of Case-Ⅱ waters in the coastal area of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea. The algorithms are based on the in situ data collected in the spring of 2003 with strict quality assurance according to NASA ocean bio-optic protocols. These algorithms are the first ones with quantitative confidence that can be applied for the area. The average relative error of the inversed and in situ measured components' concentrations are: Chl-a about 37%, total suspended matter (TSM) about 25%,respectively. This preliminary result is quite satisfactory for Case-Ⅱ waters, although some aspects in the model need further study. The sensitivity of the input error of 5% to remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) is also analyzed and it shows the algorithms are quite stable. The algorithms show a large difference with Tassan's local SeaWiFS algorithms for different waters, except for the Chl-a algorithm....
2020-07-08 21:52:19浏览：60
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