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Thermal simulation of the formation and evolution of coalbed gas
Thermal simulation experiment of gas generation from the peat and the coals were performed using the high temperature and pressure apparatus, at temperature ranging from 336.8-600℃, a pressure of 50MPa and two heating rates of 20℃/h and 2℃/h, and the evolution and formation of coalbed gas components were studied. Results show that for the coals, the gaseous products are mainly composed of hydrocarbon gases. However, for the peat the content of hydrocarbon gases in gaseous products is lower than that of non-hydrocarbon components. In the generated hydrocarbon gases methane is predominant and heavy hydrocarbon gases (C2-5) are present in small amount.Meanwhile, carbon dioxide (CO2) predominates the generated non-hydrocarbon gases, and hydrogen (H2) and sulfurated hydrogen (H2S) are existent in trace amount. It is also observed that temperature is the main factor controlling the evolution of coalbed gas generation. With increasing vitrinite reflectance, methane rapidly increases, CO2 sightly increases, and C2-5 hydrocarbons first increase and then decrease. The peat and Shanxi formation coal have a higher generative potential of coalbed gases than coals and Taiyuan formation coal, respectively, reflecting the effect of the property of organic matter on the characteristics of coalbed gas component generation. In this study, it is found that low heating rate is favorable for the generation of methane, H2and CO2, and the decomposition of C2-5 hydrocarbons. This shows that heating time plays an important controlling role in the generation and evolution of coalbed gases. The results obtained from the simulation experiment in the study of coalbed gases in natural system are also discussed....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：58
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Grey Smoothing Model for Predicting Mine Gas Emission
A grey smoothing model for predicting mine gas emission was presented by combining the grey system theory with the smoothing prediction technique. First of all, according to the variable sequence, GM(1,1) model was set up to predict the general development trend of variable as first fitted values, then the smoothing prediction technique was used to revise the fitted values so as to improve the accuracy of prediction. The results of application in the No.6 Coal Mine in Pingdingshan mining area show that the grey smoothing model has higher accuracy than that of GM(1,1) in predicting the variable sequence with strong fluctuation. The research provides a new scientific method for predicting mine gas emission....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：40
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Mechanical Model of Domestic Gas Explosion Load
With the increase of domestic gas consumption in cities and towns in China, gas explosion accidents happened rather frequently, and many structures were damaged greatly.Rational physical design could protect structures from being destroyed, but the character of explosion load must be learned firstly by establishing a correct mechanical model to simulate vented gas explosions.The explosion process has been studied for many years towards the safety of chemical industry equipments.The key problem of these studies was the equations usually involved some adjustable parameters that must be evaluated by experimental data, and the procedure of calculation was extremely complicated, so the reliability of these studies was seriously limited.Based on these studies, a simple mathematical model was established in this paper by using energy conservation,mass conservation, gas state equation, adiabatic compression equation and gas venting equation.Explosion load must be estimated by considering the room layout; the rate of pressure rise was then corrected by using a turbulence factor, so the pressure-time curve could be obtained.By using this method, complicated calculation was avoided, while experimental and calculated results fitted fairly well.Some pressure-time curves in a typical rectangular room were calculated to investigate the influences of different ignition locations, gas thickness, concentration, room size and venting area on the explosion pressure.The results indicated that: it was the most dangerous condition when being ignited in the geometry centre of the room; the greater the burning velocity, the worse the venting effect; the larger the venting pressure, the higher the peak pressure; the larger the venting area, the lower the peak pressure....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：44
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Application of deviation rate in oil and gas reservoir exploration
Three dimensional geophysical models were abstracted and established according to characteristics of oil and gas reservoir. Then direct current fields for different models were simulated with finite element software (finite element program generator) by hole-to-surface resistivity method. Numerical solution was compared with analytical one for the homogeneity earth model. And a new parameter of deviation rate was proposed by analyzing different plot curves. The results show that the relative error of solution for homogeneity earth model may attain to 0.043%. And deviation rate decreases from 18% to 1% and its anomaly range becomes wide gradually when the depth of oil and gas reservoir increases from 200 to 1 500 m. If resistivity ratio of oil and gas reservoir to sur- rounding rock decreases from 100 to 10 for the resistive oil and gas reservoir, the amplitude attenuation of deviation rate nearly reaches 8%. When there exists stratum above oil and gas reservoir, and influence of resistive stratum may be eliminated or weakened and anomaly of oil and gas reservoir can be strengthened....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：65
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Depolarised gas anodes for aluminium electrowinning
Consumable carbon anodes are used in the electrowinning of aluminium by the Hall-Heroult process. Emissions of CO2 may be eliminated by introducing an inert oxygen evolving anode, which however will require a higher anode potential. An alternative approach is to use a natural gas or hydrogen gas anode to reduce the CO2 emissions and lower the anode potential. Preliminary laboratory experiments were carried out in an alternative molten salt electrolyte consisting of CaCl2-CaO-NaCl at 680 ℃. Porous anodes of platinum and tin oxide were tested during electrolysis at constant current. The behaviour of inert anode candidate materials such as tin oxide and nickel ferrite were also studied....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：47
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Characteristics of carbonate gas pool and multistage gas pool formation history of Hetianhe gas fiel
Hetianhe is a big carbonate gas field which is found and demonstrated in the period of "Chinese National Ninth 5-Year Plan". The proved reserve of Hetianhe gas field is over 600×108 m3. Its main producing layers are Carboniferous bioclastic limestone and Ordovician carbonate composed of buried hill. The former is stratified gas pool with water around its side, and the latter is massive gas pool with water in its bottom. The gases in the gas pools belong to dry gases with normal temperature and pressure systems. Based on the correlation of gas and source rock, the gases are mainly generated from Cambrian source rocks. According to the researches on source rock and structure evolution, and the observations on the thin section to reservoir bitumen and the studies on homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, the gas pool has been identified and divided into three formation periods. The first is Late Caledonian when the oil generated from the Cambrian source rocks and migrated along faults, as a form of liquid facies into Ordovician carbonate reservoir and accumulated there. After that, the crust uplifted, the oil reservoir had been destroyed. The second is Late Hercynian when condensate gases generated from the Cambrian source rocks and migrated into Ordovician reservoir, as a form of liquid facies. Since the fractures had reached P strata, so the trap might have a real poor preservation condition, and the large-scale gas pool formation had not happened. The third gas reservoir formation period occurred in Himalaya. The fractures on both sides of Hetianhe gas field developed violently under the forces of compression, and thus the present fault horst formed. The dry gases generated from Cambrian source rocks and migrated upwards as the form of gas facies into Ordovician and Carboniferous reservoirs, and the large gas pool as discovered at present was formed finally....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：72
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Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Migration Law of Gas Mixture Using Carbon Dioxide as Cushion Ga
One of the major technical challenges in using carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) as part of the cushion gas of the underground gas storage reservoir ( UGSR) is the mixture of CO2 and natural gas. To decrease the mixing extent and manage the migration of the mixed zone, an understanding of the mechanism of CO2 and natural gas mixing and the diffusion of the mixed gas in aquifer is necessary. In this paper, a numerical model based on the three dimensional gas-water two-phase flow theory and gas diffusion theory is developed to understand this mechanism. This model is validated by the actual operational data in Dazhangtuo UGSR in Tianjin City, China. Using the validated model, the mixed characteristic of CO2 and natural gas and the migration mechanism of the mixed zone in an underground porous reservoir is further studied. Particularly, the impacts of the following factors on the migration mechanism are studied:the ratio of CO2 injection, the reservoir porosity and the initial operating pressure. Based on the results, the optimal CO2 injection ratio and an optimal control strategy to manage the migration of the mixed zone are obtained. These results provide technical guides for using CO2 as cushion gas for UGSR in real projects....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：46
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Investigation on Gas Storage in Methane Hydrate
The effect of additives (anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), nonionic surfactant alkyl polysaccharide glycoside (APG), and liquid hydrocarbon cyclopentane (CP)) on hydrate induction time and formation rate, and storage capacity was studied in this work. Micelle surfactant solutions were found to reduce hydrate induction time, increase methane hydrate formation rate and improve methane storage capacity in hydrates. In the presence of surfactant, hydrate could form quickly in a quiescent system and the energy costs of hydrate formation were reduced. The critical micelle concentrations of SDS and APG water solutions were found to be 300× 10-6 and 500× 10-6 for methane hydrate formation system respectively. The effect of anionic surfactant (SDS) on methane storage in hydrates is more pronounced compared to a nonionic surfactant (APG). CP also reduced hydrate induction time and improved hydrate formation rate, but could not improve methane storage in hydrates....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：53
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The characteristics of recycling gas drilling technology
Recycling gas drilling is a new drilling technology.This paper can be divided into three parts,with the purpose of introducing and analyzing the characteristics of this new technology.First,the major equipment characteristic of this technology was introduced.Secondly,compared with conventional gas drilling,Angel's model was used to analyze the wellbore flow characteristics.Due to the closed loop and the effect of back pressure caused by the equipment,the gas flow rate decreases dramatically during drilling.Apart from this,it is also found that the kinetic energy at the casing shoe is always smaller than that at the top of the collar.The proposing of the drilling limit concept points out the basic difference between the two gas drilling technologies.Lastly,according to the results of the theoretical analysis,gas supplement operations for the wellbore must be conducted.Thus,two gas supplement schemes are presented in this paper,to provide some guidance for field operations....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：58
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Catalysts for decomposing ozone tail gas
The preparation of immobilizing-catalysts for decomposing ozone by using dipping method was studied. XRD, XPS and TEM were used to characterize the catalysts. The three kinds of catalysts were selected preferentially, and their catalytic activities were investigated. The results showed that the catalyst with activated carbon dipping acetate (active components are Mn: Cu = 3:2, active component proportion in catalyst is 15%, calcination temperature is 200℃ ) has the best catalytic activity for ozone decomposing. One gram of catalyst can decompose 17.6 g ozone at initial ozone concentration of 2.5 g/m3 and the residence time in reactor of 0.1 s. The experimental results also indicated that humidity of reaction system had negative effect on catalytic activity....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：41
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A study of gas electron multiplier
A new kind of gas detector based on gas electron multiplier (GEM) is studied for X-ray imaging of high luminosity. A single-GEM device is designed to test the property of GEM foil .The effective gain and counting capability of a double-GEM detector are measured by an X-ray tube with Cu target. An initial X-ray imaging experiment is carried out using a triple-GEM detector and the position resolution of less than 0.1mm is achieved. The 3D distribution of electrostatic field of GEM mesh is also presented....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：40
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SLIPPAGE SOLUTION OF GAS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN PROCESS OF LANDFILL GAS SEEPAGE
A mathematical model of landfill gas migration was established under presumption of the effect of gas slippage. The slippage solutions to the nonlinear mathematical model were accomplished by the perturbation and integral transformation method. The distribution law of gas pressure in landfill site was presented under the conditions of considering and neglecting slippage effect. Sensitivity of the model input parameters was analyzed. The model solutions were compared to observation values.Results show that gas slippage effect has a large impact on gas pressure distribution.Landfill gas pressure and pressure gradient considering slippage effect is lower than that neglecting slippage effect, with reasonable agreement between model solution and measured data. It makes clear that the difference between considering and neglecting slippage effect is obvious and the effects of coupling cannot be ignored. The theoretical basis is provided for engineering design of security control and decision making of gas exploitation in landfill site. The solutions give scientific foundation to analyzing well test data in the process of low-permeability oil gas reservoir exploitation....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：47
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Migration and accumulation of natural gas in Kela-2 gas field
With the guidance of petroleum system theory, the dynamic filling history of natural gas in the Kela-2 gas field is analyzed by using a large suite of oil and gas geochemistry evidence in combination with the tectonic evolution history and reservoir evolution history. It concludes that the Kela-2 gas field was formed by capturing the gas generated during the main gas generation period, while the late kerogen cracking gas contributed a little to the gas field. It suggests that the gas generated during the main gas generation accumulated in the early-formed wide-gentle anticline, which is the necessary condition for natural gas to re-migrate and enrich late to form the large-scale gas reservoir. The newest research shows that the filling history of gas in the Dabei-1, Yinan-2, Tuziluoke and Dina-2 gas fields was related with the natural gas accumulation in the early wide- gentle anticline as well as late re-migration and enrichment of natural gas....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：57
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Evaluation of gas-liquid separation performance of natural gas filters
Fibrous filters are often used to remove contaminants including both dusts and liquid droplets from natural gas. This paper aims to evaluate the gas-liquid separation performance of three types of cartridge filters used in the West-East natural gas transmission project. The comparison of the original pressure drop of clean filters and the evolution of pressure drop as liquid droplets deposited in the filter media are described. The original pressure drops of these filters were similar but the pressure drops at a steady state were different. Fractional efficiency was used to study the separation performance of cartridge filters. Droplets at the outlet of the filters had small diameters, no more than 3 μm, but were very numerous. The effect of filtration velocity on gas-liquid separation performance was analyzed. Higher filtration velocity indicated better gas-liquid separation performance. Finally the quality factor related to pressure drop and filtration efficiency was applied to evaluate the gas-liquid separation performance....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：46
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Gas Quenching Small Components
Gas quenching is an environmentally friendly and effective way of quenching components. However it has not been possible to apply it to small components because of the difficulties of jigging. A method of gas quenching such small components is described in which they are levitated in a confined gas stream. The method is suitable for quenching low alloy steel components that weigh between 1 and 10g....
2020-09-13 23:35:02浏览：38
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